Hello todamoon,
From reading the log, I can see this line [1] that indicated the kernel is not able to mount the filesystem. Solutions to this error message can be found here [2].
If the only thing you want to do is gain access to the information on the disk, you can do so by following these instructions [3] to detach the disk. You can then reattach the disk to a different instance as a “Additional disks”.
After booting the second instance, you will be able to access the data on the boot disk that is not working.
Frederic
[1] Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(0,0)
[3] https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/disks/detach-reattach-boot-disk#detach_disk