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"They ultimately said, 'Why would we do that? We know more about the business than you do. If it's such a good business, we'll do it ourselves,'" recalls Netflix cofounder Mitch Lowe, who now leads MoviePass. "It only strengthened our resolve to show what idiots they had been."

You know how the story turned out. Today, Netflix rules the entertainment landscape with 130 million subscribers in nearly 200 countries, a growing slate of award-winning programming, and a market cap of more than $150 billion. That's on par with Disney. And Blockbuster? It filed for bankruptcy eight years ago and is down to a single remaining store.

Netflix outmaneuvered Blockbuster and rivals like Walmart by quickly reacting to emerging shifts in technology. Its biggest successes stemmed from a virtually unparalleled willingness to upend the business as larger rivals hesitated, according to interviews with current and former Netflix executives as well as industry experts.

When Netflix launched in 1997, it bet everything on DVDs even though VHS was the industry standard. The company made an unsuccessful attempt at filmmaking in the mid-2000s, long before it had an audience large enough to make it work financially. Then it invested in streaming when its own focus groups showed consumers knew so little about the concept that they confused "streaming" with "streamlining." People ridiculed Netflix in 2011 for its plans to split streaming and DVDs into two services, with the latter to be called Qwikster. Hundreds of thousands of customers canceled their subscriptions in the months that followed.

Yet, each of these efforts proved prescient, if occasionally premature or poorly rolled out. Netflix bolted ahead of the major video rental chains, capitalized on faster internet delivery for streaming videos and spent billions outbidding traditional studios for original movies and TV shows, starting with "House of Cards." It is now taking steps to expand its media empire with a radio channel, comic books and merchandise.

"You have to lean so far forward that sometimes you fall on your face," says Todd Yellin, the company's VP of product, who joined Netflix in 2006. "That's really the path to innovation and success."

Netflix's ability to stay nimble and reorient itself are a direct reflection of CEO and cofounder Reed Hastings. He bounced from the Marine Corps to the Peace Corps before studying computer science in graduate school. He launched Pure Software in 1991 to help developers debug programs and claims a $40 late fee on a copy of "Apollo 13" inspired him to launch Netflix.

Hastings has "strategically re-positioned himself" throughout his career, says Jeffrey Sonnenfeld, who teaches management at Yale. His "genius," Sonnenfeld says, is pushing Netflix to do the same. Many people in media circles find themselves "mystified" by Hastings' calm in making risky and expensive bets, says Todd Klein, a partner at Revolution Growth who focuses on media investments. "It's one thing to walk across a high wire," he says. "It's another to jump to another that's running parallel."

But Hastings has landed that jump repeatedly. He pushed Netflix away from an a la carte rental model to a subscription offering because there were "lots of people" already renting videos one by one, Lowe says. He quickly recognized that broadband would foster the rise of streaming. Netflix, he told his team in the 2000s, should "make [streaming] happen before someone else does," said former Netflix marketing executive Barry Enderwick. Today Netflix is spending $8 billion annually on new programming to keep customers binging online.

If foresight and focus were key to Netflix's survival, so was the delayed response of its more established rivals. Blockbuster didn't challenge Netflix with an online DVD rental service of its own until 2004. It took another two years before Blockbuster let customers return online rentals in stores, making the service more convenient and a greater threat to Netflix.

Enderwick remembers the Netflix team finding a number on Blockbuster envelopes that allowed them to keep tabs on the competitor's subscriber growth. They noticed the service did get "pretty significant traction." BlockBuster quickly topped two million subscribers by the end of 2006, or nearly half of Netflix's subscriber base at the time. But Netflix execs remained convinced the venture was too costly to sustain. Sure enough, Blockbuster raised prices after barely a year and cut its marketing budget for the service.

What really kept Netflix execs awake at night, however, was Amazon (AMZN). In 2004, Netflix nixed plans to expand its DVD rental business into the UK amid rumors that Amazon was about to launch a competing service. Instead, Netflix doubled down on its home market, lowered prices and prepared for battle.

"Amazon was always really the only company that put fear into Netflix's executive team," Lowe says. And for good reason. Though Amazon never made much of a dent in the DVD rental market, it has pushed hard into the streaming market this decade.

Amazon is investing heavily in original content, acquiring critically acclaimed shows like "Transparent" and "Mozart in the Jungle." Amazon pairs these shows with expedited shipping, Whole Foods discounts, streaming music and more as part of a Prime membership service that actually costs slightly less than Netflix annually. Unlike Blockbuster years ago, Amazon has the financial muscle and long-term vision to maintain its Netflix rival for years.

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Blockbuster[5] (formerly called Blockbuster Video) is an American multimedia brand and former rental store chain. The business was founded by David Cook in 1985 as a single home video rental shop, but later became a public store chain featuring video game rentals, DVD-by-mail, streaming, video on demand, and cinema theater.[6] The logo was designed by Lee Dean at the Rominger Agency.[7][8][9][10] The company expanded internationally throughout the 1990s. At its peak in 2004,[11][12] Blockbuster employed 84,300 people worldwide and operated 9,094 stores.[13]

Poor leadership and the impact of the Great Recession were major factors leading to Blockbuster's decline, as was the growing competition from Netflix's mail-order service, video on demand, and Redbox automated kiosks. Significant loss of revenue occurred during the late 2000s, and the company filed for bankruptcy protection in 2010.[14][15] The next year, its remaining 1,700 stores were bought by satellite television provider Dish Network,[16][17] and by 2014, the last 300 company-owned stores were closed.[18] Although corporate support for the brand ended, Dish retained a small number of franchise agreements, enabling some privately owned franchises to remain open. Following a series of further closures in 2019, only one franchised store remains open, located in Bend, Oregon, United States.[11][12][13][19][20][21]

Blockbuster's beginnings can be traced back to another company, Cook Data Services, founded by David Cook in 1978.[3][22] The company's primary goal was to supply software services to the oil and gas industries throughout Texas, but it was very unsuccessful.[22] Sandy Cook, David's wife, wanted to get into the video business, and her husband would soon study the industry and future prospects.[23] Using profit he made from the sale of David P. Cook & Associates, the subsidiary of his company, he decided to buy into a video store franchise in Dallas known as Video Works. When Video Works would not allow him to decorate the interior of his store with a blue-and-yellow design, he departed the franchise and opened the first Blockbuster Video in 1985 under his own company Blockbuster Video Inc.[24][25] When he realized the potential in video rentals, Cook abandoned the oil industry and began franchising the Blockbuster store.[26]

The first Blockbuster store opened on October 19, 1985, in Dallas, Texas, with an inventory of 8,000 VHS and 2,000 Beta tapes.[27][28][29] The chain's name is derived from the term blockbuster, a Hollywood term for a successful film. Cook's experience with managing huge databases proved helpful in driving innovation within the industry.[3] Following early success from the company's first stores, Cook built a $6-million warehouse in Garland, Texas, to help sustain and support future growth that allowed new stores to open quickly.[3] Blockbuster would often custom-tailor a store's inventory to its neighborhood, based on local demographics.[3]

In 1987, Waste Management co-founder Wayne Huizenga, who originally had reservations about entering the video rental industry, agreed to acquire several Blockbuster stores.[30] At that time, there were 19 stores, attracting Huizenga's associate John Melk's attention due to its efficiency, family-friendly no-pornography image and business model. Huizenga and Melk utilized techniques from their waste business and Ray Kroc's model of expansion to rapidly expand Blockbuster, and soon they were opening a new store every 24 hours.[31][32] They took over many of the existing Blockbuster franchise stores, and Huizenga spent much of the late 1980s acquiring several of Blockbuster's rivals, including Major Video. In 1989, Nintendo attempted to halt Blockbuster's ability to rent video games, filing multiple lawsuits and lobbying the U.S. Congress to ban the practice.[33] Nintendo ultimately lost the battle, which paved the way for future video game rental.[33][34]

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