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Bartie Spalitto

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Aug 3, 2024, 10:14:29 PM8/3/24

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Risalah Tauhid: A Book on Islamic Monotheism by Muhammad Abduh

Risalah Tauhid (The Treatise on Monotheism) is a book written by Muhammad Abduh, a prominent Egyptian reformer and scholar of Islam in the late 19th and early 20th century. The book was first published in Arabic in 1906[^1^] and has been translated into various languages, including Indonesian[^2^].

The book is a concise exposition of the Islamic doctrine of tawhid (monotheism), which is the belief in the oneness and uniqueness of God. Abduh argues that tawhid is the essence and foundation of Islam, and that all other aspects of the religion are derived from it. He also discusses the implications of tawhid for human ethics, social justice, and political reform.

Abduh wrote Risalah Tauhid as a response to the challenges and criticisms that Islam faced from Western colonialism, modernity, and secularism. He aimed to present Islam as a rational, progressive, and universal religion that is compatible with science, reason, and human rights. He also sought to revive the spirit of ijtihad (independent reasoning) among Muslims and to reform their religious education and institutions.

Risalah Tauhid is considered one of the most influential works of Islamic modernism, which is a movement that attempted to reconcile Islam with modern values and realities. The book has been praised for its clarity, simplicity, and eloquence, as well as for its reformist vision and message. It has also been criticized for being too influenced by Western thought, for deviating from traditional interpretations of Islam, and for being too optimistic about the possibility of change.

The book is available online in PDF format[^3^] for those who are interested in reading it.

In Risalah Tauhid, Abduh divides his discussion into three main parts: the proofs of tawhid, the attributes of God, and the relationship between God and His creation. In each part, he presents his arguments based on the Quran, the Sunnah (the teachings and practices of Prophet Muhammad), and rationality.

In the first part, Abduh provides various evidences for the existence and oneness of God, such as the order and harmony of the universe, the innate nature of human beings, and the testimony of the prophets. He also refutes the arguments of atheists, polytheists, and other opponents of tawhid.

In the second part, Abduh explains the attributes of God, such as His knowledge, power, will, mercy, justice, and uniqueness. He also clarifies some misconceptions and misunderstandings about God's names and attributes that have arisen among Muslims due to literalism, anthropomorphism, or exaggeration.

In the third part, Abduh discusses the relationship between God and His creation, especially human beings. He emphasizes that God is the Creator and Sustainer of everything, and that He has given human beings free will, reason, and moral responsibility. He also outlines the principles of worship, ethics, and law that are derived from tawhid.

Abduh concludes his book by urging Muslims to adhere to tawhid in their beliefs and actions, and to reform their religious and social affairs according to its spirit. He also calls for dialogue and cooperation among Muslims and non-Muslims based on common values and mutual respect.