Hi Zach,
12.37 is the minimum value for pathogenic SNPs and has been used as a threshold for highly deleterious SNPs.
But, it's up to you to use different threshold like 10 to include top 10% of SNPs though.
2) and 3), I don't think there is a table of percentage of SNPs with binned CADD score, but what I got from my data is 7.5% for SNPs with CADD >=12.37.
Hope it helps.
Best,
Kyoko