1386m Tax Code

[Jen Ronnfeldt]

1382Mis a cumulative tax code, which means that if you return to work after a break or if you start working part-way through the tax year, your tax-free personal allowance will have been building up and you may pay less tax for a while.

Why does apt-get not use 100% of either cpu, disk, or network -- or even close to it? Even on a slow system (Raspberry Pi 2+) I'm getting at most 30% CPU load. I'm just thinking that either it's being artificially throttled, or it should max out something while it's working ... or it should be able to do its thing faster than it does.

Update: I understand that apt-get needs to fetch its updates (and may be limited by upstream/provider bandwidth). But once it's "unpacking" and so on, the CPU usage should at least go up (if not max out). On my fairly decent home workstation, which uses an SSD for its main drive, and a ramdisk for /tmp, this is not the case.

apt-get, on the other hand, is IO-bound. That means it can process its data rather quickly, but loading the data (from disk or from the network) takes time, during which the processor can do either other stuff or sit idle if no other processes need it.

Typically, all IO requests (disk, network) are slow, and whenever an application thread makes one, the kernel will remove it from the processor until the data gets loaded into the kernel (=these IO requests are called blocking requests).

The Raspberry Pi 2+ has 4 cores. For some monitoring tools, a 100% usage correspond to all the cores been used at 100%. If only one core in a quad code processor is used, the CPU load is 25 %. The 30% CPU load you mention is roughly one core used at 100% while some processes are running on the other cores:

Here is an example on my 8 cores (4 cores with Hyper-Threading) machine running Ubuntu, I launched one thread with the cat /dev/zero > /dev/null command in order to create an infinite process that utilize one core entirely.

top should show 100% across user+system+iowait, for values of 100% divided by your core count as described by A.L. I'm not saying top is 100% helpful, but it can be a really useful all-around tool to learn.

Throughput will be lower than maximum, because you're unpacking lots of small files, aka "random IO". There's also some disk sync / cache flushes, although since 2010 on Linux there's only a few of them for each package installed. (Used to be one per file).

Actually, IO/Network requests are really slow compared to CPU ops. This means that while your network card is fetching data, or your disk is writing this data, your CPU does absolutly nothing (for this process anyway).

Finally, the network percentage corresponds to the max possible network card usage, not connection. So you may have a 1Gb/s network adapter, you're really unlikely to have an internet connection that reaches this bandwidth.

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