Executive Summary
Since taking office on January 20, 2025, the Trump administration has
pursued an unprecedented mass deportation agenda. U.S. officials have
adopted a range of new tactics to achieve this objective, including
expanding the use of expedited removal, sending people from the United
States to offshore detention facilities in the U.S. Naval Base in
Guantanamo, terminating protected legal statuses, disappearing people
without due process including to a high security prison in El Salvador,
and forcibly transferring individuals to other countries of which they
are not citizens. These actions, many of which have been determined to
be unlawful by federal courts, have been carried out with little to
non-existent transparency, while thousands of people’s lives are
uprooted from communities across the country and their rights are
systematically violated.
ICE Flight Monitor responds to this lawlessness and lack of
information by using publicly available aviation data to monitor and
document flights conducted by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
(ICE), including deportation flights and domestic transfers between U.S.
detention centers and deportation staging facilities. The methodology
is grounded in Tom Cartwright’s nearly six years of independent work
that tracked tens of thousands of ICE flights. To ensure the accuracy
and integrity of the findings, the ICE Flight Monitor cross-references
flight data with public records, media reports, and observations from
trusted partner organizations. The project also tracks other relevant
air operations—such as military planes involved in immigration
enforcement and Mexican and Panamanian government deportation flights.
ICE routinely carries out additional removals on commercial flights,
which ICE Flight Monitor is unable to track.
The ICE Flight Monitor reports the following top findings for August 2025:
- Increasing Number of Total U.S. Immigration Enforcement Flights Under the Trump Administration:
Under the second Trump administration, U.S. immigration enforcement
flights have increased significantly. From January 20 to August 31,
2025, the Trump administration carried out at least 7,454 total U.S.
immigration enforcement flights. This number includes removal flights,
removal-related flights2, and domestic transfer (“shuffle”) flights. The
vast majority of these flights are carried out by ICE Air charter
planes, but a small number are carried out on Air Force cargo planes,
Coast Guard aircraft, or by airline carriers operated by other
countries. On U.S. immigration enforcement flights, individuals are
generally restrained by handcuffs, waist chains, and leg irons,
including during any layovers and fuel stops, raising concerns about
conditions. The 7,454 total is the largest number of immigration
enforcement flights for the period of January 20 – August 31 since
tracking began in 2020 and constitutes a 34 percent increase over the
same time period in 2024 (see Figure 1). In August 2025 alone, the ICE
Flight Monitor tracked the highest monthly total of at least 1,393 U.S.
immigration enforcement flights—averaging 45 flights a day.
- Monthly Removal Flight Record in August Due to Increase in Flights to Mexico: Throughout
this year, the number of removal flights has steadily increased,
reaching a record of at least 240 removal flights in August 2025, the
highest monthly total recorded since at least 2020. This increase was
due to the rise of removal flights to Mexico in August, since flights to
countries other than Mexico decreased from prior months. August 2025
brings the total number of removal flights under the Trump
administration to at least 1,279 flights, a 20 percent increase from the
same period in 2024. While removal flights were primarily carried out
on ICE Air charter flights, the administration has also conducted at
least 85 removal flights on military cargo planes.
- Removal Flights to New Destinations and Increased Multi-Country Flights:
Over the past eight months, the Trump administration has conducted
removal flights to at least 66 countries, with the vast majority of
flights being carried out to Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and El
Salvador. While these are historically common destinations, the
administration also conducted a small number of removal flights to new
destinations. For the first time since flight tracking began, flights
departed the United States during the second Trump administration for
countries such as Greece, Pakistan, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Chile, and
Kazakhstan. The administration increased the use of multi-country
removal flights—where a single flight removes individuals to several
countries in a region. These multi-country flights have left some
individuals shackled for more than 30 hours, raising serious human
rights concerns.
- Third Country Transfers Continue with First Flight to Rwanda: The
Trump administration pursued agreements with a range of countries to
facilitate third-country transfers—which send individuals to nations of
which they are not citizens and often have no ties. In August 2025, ICE
Flight Monitor tracked the first flight to Rwanda under a newly
established U.S.–Rwanda agreement. In previous months, third-country
flights also landed in Eswatini, South Sudan, Uzbekistan, El Salvador,
Panama, and Costa Rica. The legality of these transfers—particularly
without notice or an opportunity to contest the removal based on fear of
persecution—is currently being challenged in U.S. federal courts.
- Domestic Transfer Flight Monthly Record and Continued Flights to the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base: Before
removal, individuals are often moved repeatedly between ICE detention
centers and staging facilities via domestic “shuffle flights.” These
frequent transfers not only disorient individuals but also make it
significantly harder for them to access legal counsel and maintain
contact with family. Between January 20 and August 31, 2025, the Trump
administration carried out at least 4,422 shuffle flights—a 43 percent
increase from the same period in 2024—including a monthly record of 805
flights in August 2025 alone. Among them were at least 81 flights to
offshore detention facilities at the U.S. Guantanamo Bay Naval Base—six
of which occurred in August. At the military base, individuals are
detained thousands of miles from the United States and face abuse and
mistreatment.
These findings make clear that the Trump administration’s current
deportation campaign is both unprecedented and dangerous, not only to
the rights of those it targets, but also to our democracy. The ICE
Flight Monitor delivers accessible and reliable data to strengthen
public accountability and uphold transparency. Download the full report below.