分享Umberto Pellzari 給自由潛水人的一些觀念
咖哩
Establishing records for free diving is a matter of having the right
mental attitude, rather than a big chest. Triple world champion
Umberto Pelizzari prepares with yoga and auto-suggestion. Then he
closes his eyes and dives. He talked about technique and philosophy to
Steve Weinman
在自由潛水這項運動裡超越顛峰 主要是依靠心理層次的態度 而非巨大的肺活量
曾經締造三項世界記錄的自由潛水冠軍 恩伯特.披理薩(Umberto Pelizzari)
潛入深處前 恩伯特利用瑜珈以及自我鼓勵的方式 調整自己的狀態...............
他將在本文中敘述關於自由潛水的技巧與哲學
UMBERTO PELIZZARI had presumably hoped to feel at home at Birmingham's
NEC when he ordered a cappuccino, but he had just been served
something more closely resembling a cuppasoupo. The world free-diving
champion stirred it dubiously, and considered the question. "I don't
know what the limit is," he said. "I think in the next four or five
years it will be possible to free dive to 150m, but I don't think I
will dive so deep. I want to stop free diving in the next two or three
years."I have had great satisfaction and shown what I can do, but I
will want to start having new experiences. Maybe run a dive shop or a
centre specialising in teaching free diving."
恩伯特想要在這陌生的環境裡讓自己感覺自在 他點了一杯卡布契諾 但送上來的
飲料似乎和他所想的不太一樣 他狐疑的攪拌著飲料 並且思考著問題
"不知道自由潛水的極限會再哪裡？"
恩伯特回答:"我想在接下來的四到五年 人類有可能可以徒手潛水到150米深
但我不認為我會潛得這麼深. 我將要在未來的兩三年內停止像這樣的挑戰
我在這項運動裡已經得到了滿足 而且也展現了我的能力 但我要去體驗一些
更不一樣的經驗 也許我會去經營一間潛水店 或者成立一個自由潛水訓練中心"
It is difficult to imagine Umberto taking a back seat. We meet only a
month after he has shattered two world free-diving records in
Sardinia, including an awesome 131m "no limits" dive. The man breaks
records like Schwarzenegger breaks heads.
他講出這段話 實在讓我很震驚 當時我和他會面的時候他才剛建立兩項自由潛
水的世界記錄 特別是無限制潛水的131米 當時震驚了自由潛水界
他打破世界紀錄 就像是史瓦辛格打破頭
（譯者： 我不知道為什麼要把恩伯特打破世界紀錄 類比成 阿若史瓦辛格打破頭
有人可以幫我補充這一句話嗎??）
He says that following a record attempt he does "nothing", yet since
his triumph he has spent only a fleeting four hours at his home in
Busto Arsizio, near Milan.
恩伯特說: 不斷的進行打破紀錄的嘗試對他來說是沒有意義的 當他打破了某項紀
錄 其實他只在家裡開心了四小時
For two days at Dive 96 he has been talking freely about his
experiences; tomorrow he is off to Japan for a six-day tour. For a man
who relaxes by free diving with rays or crawling Spiderman-like under
ice sheets, he seems remarkably comfortable on the public relations
treadmill.
Umberto enjoys talking about his work. He refers regularly to his
"performances", and for him free diving does seem to fall somewhere
between sport and performance art.
完成自由潛水九十六米的之後的兩天 他非常開放且自在的與人分享他的經驗
明天他就要啟程前往日本進行為期六天的旅行 他是一位可以在陽光沐浴中或是
冰層底下的海洋裡 完全放鬆進行自由潛水的人 可是面對社交場合又可以自在的
與人交往 他熱愛討論他的工作 自由潛水對他而言 已經不單單只是一項運動
而是達到藝術的境界
He now holds all three official world free-diving records: constant
weight, variable weight, and no-limits or "absolute" variable weight.
His favourite discipline, "the purest record, the one that demands
most of the athlete", is constant weight. Here he uses ballast to
descend without touching the measurement cable and must fin back up,
still with the weights. His 72m best was set in 1995 but he believes
almost 80m is attainable.
現在他已經是三項世界紀錄的保持人 固定重量 可變重量 以及無限制潛水
這些項目當中 他最喜歡的還是 固定重量潛水 他認為這是所有項目裡
最單純直接地 所謂的固定重量潛水 即潛者身上的佩重必須固定不可拋棄
單憑一己之力踢蛙鞋到最深處並直接折返 身上的佩重必須保持固定
目前他最佳紀錄是七十二米 但他相信他的極限在八十米以上
"It is very difficult," says Umberto. "Eighty to 90 per cent of my
effort is used in coming up. The gravitational force is so strong that
you have to use the flippers six or seven times before you can
overcome it." He uses carbon-fibre fins to maximise propulsive force
without straining his joints.
他說"固定佩重潛水的挑戰事非常困難的 有百分之八十甚至九十的能量是花在
從海底上升的過程 重力是那麼樣的強大 通常要踢六到七下蛙鞋才能抵抗重力"
恩伯特在比賽中所使用的蛙鞋是碳纖維材質 這種材質的蛙鞋可以提供所有最大的
推力 同時不會讓腳部的關節負擔太大
In variable-weight free diving, the diver descends with maximum
ballast of 30kg, but abandons it on ascent to fin back up. On 9
September Umberto beat his own record when he hit 110m in 1min 23sec,
taking slightly less time to get back.
可變重量潛水中 潛者利用一個重達三十公斤的鎮重讓自己快速的下沈
到達預定的深度後潛者拋棄該鎮重 並且利用自己的力量踢蛙鞋回到水面
九月九號時 恩伯特打破了自己之前所創的紀錄達到深度110米 全程費時
一分23秒
In terms of breath-holding, that is trifling to a man who has gone for
more than seven minutes without inhaling, and survived for more than
19 minutes on one puff of oxygen. (Why not the round 20? "I only
started breathing again because I looked at my watch and was afraid it
had stopped!").
Umberto does things humans should not be able to do. He thinks holding
his breath for ninety minutes is feasible on pure oxygen. "There are a
lot of things medicine is still not able to explain."
在靜態的閉氣方面恩伯特可以閉氣超過七分鐘 也曾經試過用純氧當作呼吸準備的
氣體 而閉氣長達十九分鐘(恩伯特自己說道" 為何只閉了十九分鐘而不更久 因為
當時我看了手錶 發現自己已經閉氣十九分鐘 可是依然沒有任何呼吸的慾望
當時我覺得害怕 所以立刻停止了")
當時恩伯特的觀念裡認為人類不應該有能力閉氣這麼久 之所以能閉氣這麼久應該
是純氧的功勞 但儘管如此這依然是一項不得了的紀錄
（譯者 :此記錄未被列入官方記錄）
恩伯特: 有很多事情 是現代醫學所無法解釋的
His deepest dives come in the showpiece no-limits category. He slides
down the cable on a sledge carrying as much ballast as required, then
sheds this to make a balloon-assisted ascent.
Until recently this record was held by his rival, the Cuban Francisco
"Pipin" Ferreras, but on 16 September Umberto beat it by 3m. He used
40kg of weight to reach 131m in just over three minutes, and ballooned
his way back up in half that time.
他最深的潛水記錄是在無限制潛水項目裡締造
在無限制潛水中 潛者裡用一個不限制重量的載具下沈到深處 並且利用浮力裝置
從底部上升 直到最近他的紀錄被Pipin所打破 Pipin在九月十六號利用一個重達
四十公斤的載具下沈到深度131公尺深 花了超過三分鐘 並且在底部將一個氣球
充氣 藉由該氣球的浮力回到水面 這個過程又花了將近一分半鐘 這個新紀錄
比他之前所創的紀錄還要深三米
At 31 he is the most accomplished free diver in history. Reflecting
the amount invested by his sponsors, completing his grand slam was
literally a million-dollar dive.
31歲的恩伯特完成了這麼多項的紀錄 這也反映出贊助者對他的支持
這樣大滿貫級的成績 背後耗資了將近百萬美元
THE SELF-STYLED "wild man" has charisma in bucketfuls, and knows it.
He had recently staked a video of himself free-diving with pelagic
friends against a sponsor's Ferrari for "pulling power". "I'm not
married, I'm free - completely free!" he proclaims cheerfully.
Feedback from women who watched his performances in the flesh and on
video at Dive 96 appeared to support his claims. Packed audiences were
spellbound as he explained his peculiar way of making a living,
apologising regularly for his cracked English.
And the consensus seemed to be that he has succeeded at least in
balancing the popular view that free diving is a reckless freakshow,
of interest only to spearfishing Italians. He portrays a pure form of
diving, and one safety-controlled to an almost hysterical degree.
Umberto considers boxing and horse-riding far more dangerous pastimes.
He worries not about himself but about his team of 15 security scuba
divers, some of whom have to nursemaid him down at 14 bar. "The
deepest divers stay down for two hours and decompress for three and a
half. I try to shake their hands on the way up, but it is easy for me
- I don't have decompression to worry about. They push me on up and we
have a drink later.
"There are two hyperbaric chambers on the boat for the security
divers, and two divers on an umbilical to a diving bell. After that,
if they have a problem they have God!"
恩伯特認為拳擊或是馬術運動其危險性都不亞於自由潛水的紀錄挑戰 他從不擔心
自己 因為他的團隊裡有15名水肺潛水員會照顧他的安全 而這15水肺人員的安全
才是他所擔心的 有些人必須在水下停留到氣瓶裏只剩下14bar的氣壓 安排在最
深處的潛水員必須在最深處待上兩個小時上升過程必須花三個半小時減壓
恩伯特說:"我會試著和他們握手致意 這一切對我而言都是容易的 因為我沒有減
壓的問題 但他們總是擔心我的安全會催促我趕快回到水面 每次結束後我們一定
會聚再一起喝上幾杯"
"通常在水面待命的船上都會備有兩個極高壓的氣瓶隨時應付緊急狀況 水下還會
有一個潛水鐘的裝置裡頭會安排兩位人員 潛水鐘本身連著管子到船上藉此補充空
氣 如果這個潛水鐘裝置發生故障等問題 他們只能祈禱上帝了"
He has
no fears for himself: "The day I feel afraid I will stop free diving,
because when you're afraid you cannot go deeper than your
psychological limit.
恩伯特:"如果有一天我發現我會感到恐懼 那我將會停止進行這項
運動因為當你感到害怕時你心理層面就會給你限制 讓你無法潛到更深的
地方"
"Underwater you accept the laws of that country, forget you're a man.
It's like explaining the difference between red and yellow to a blind
man. When I dive I'm completely concentrated and relaxed. All physical
sensations are in my head - my heartbeat in my head, equalising in my
head." He dives with eyes shut, feeling the depth markers. "There is
no noise, no light, no gravitational force. There are physical
conditions you can reach only at these depths, and if you want to be a
world recordbreaker you must reach this mental level. When I return, I
become a human being again."
Umberto grew up far from the sea, but swam competitively from an early
age. He also spent as much time as possible avoiding the instructors
while setting underwater endurance records in a corner of the pool. "I
started for pleasure - it was a competition with my friends, a
challenge for myself. Then I started training every day."
He did not restrict himself to water, either. A schoolteacher, seeing
young Umberto going blue in the face in class, asked what the matter
was, but the embryonic world champ refused to reply until a full three
minutes had elapsed - the sort of behaviour that these days gets
British teachers on the phone to their union.
By the age of 11 Umberto was sending fan-mail to his heroes, free-
diving record-holders Enzo Majorca and Jacques Mayol. They never
replied.
He learned to scuba dive when he was 17 and the following year, 1983,
he swapped swimming races for "static" free-diving competitions. "It
is very difficult, not physically but mentally. If you lose
concentration you think about how much time has been expended, and if
you start thinking like that, time doesn't pass. But if you're well-
trained in free diving motionless, you are psychologically trained for
deep free diving."
By 1988, working with instructors from his sub-aqua club and the local
hyperbaric centre, he had set a new world underwater breath-holding
record of 5min 33sec.
恩伯特的成長環境並不靠海 但自從幼年即擅長游泳也參與游泳競賽
當時他就經常棄教練的話不顧而在游泳池的角落練習水中的閉氣
"我一剛開始與朋友玩閉氣遊戲時產生了興趣 之後就每天練習"
而且他練習的地點不限於水下 他的老師曾經在課堂上看到小恩伯特的臉色發青
而且還主動的關心這位學生 是不是身體有什麼不舒服 這位未來的世界冠軍
並不在意這些關心 而是堅持閉氣突破三分鐘 這特異的舉動直到今日老師們
都還記得
恩伯特十一歲的時候就曾經寫信給他心目中的兩位英雄 Enzo Majorca 以及
Jacques Mayol 但可惜他們都從來沒有回過信
（譯： 此及電影碧海藍天中的兩位主角）
恩伯特十七歲的時候開始學習水肺潛水 在1983年時 他從游泳競賽
轉戰自由潛水的靜態閉氣項目 "這是非常困難的項目 主要比的不是體能而是心理
層面 你必須非常的專心 一旦你失去了專注 你會開始在意時間的流逝 而當你開
始注意時間 時間就禁止不動了 但如果你可以在靜態閉氣上做紮實的訓練 那這將
會是潛到水下深處的一項重要地基礎訓練 靜態閉氣的訓練 就是在訓練自由潛水
時的心理層面"
1988年建立了新的靜態閉氣世界記錄五分鐘33秒
Umberto graduated as a computer scientist in 1990 and began deep free
diving with the Sector No Limits team. The following year in Hawaii he
achieved the incredible static breath-holding record that lasts to
this day: 7min 2.88sec. Even whales were asking questions about him.
The year 1991 also meant military service, but Umberto joined the Fire
Brigade and cunningly requested a transfer to the island of Elba so
that he could go spearfishing with his friend, three-times world
champion Renzo Mazzarri. In the brigade's sports section he met the
instructor who remains his personal coach today, Massimo Giudicelli.
He also came across Alfredo Guglielmi, colourfully titled "Il
Corsaro" (the pirate), who had trained Majorca and Mayol. The free-
diving world records had been standardised the year before, and
Umberto, whose fire-fighting duties appear to have been light, decided
to launch an assault on all three.
He succeeded almost at once in taking the constant-weight title, and
has held it for all but three months since. For a time in October he
held all three titles, with 67m, 95m and 118m plunges - though his
Sector team-mate Pipin was a constant goad for him to go deeper still,
their tug of war echoing the earlier rivalry of Majorca and Mayol.
Back in 1960, Enzo Majorca set a world record with a 49m effort that
Umberto would regard as a warm-up plonk today. The medical authorities
then bel-ieved that divers would be crushed by the pressure if they
went beyond 50m, and tried to stop the record attempts, but they had
not allowed for the "bloodshift".
1960年代 安索Enzo Majorca創下了深度49米的世界記錄 但是這
對於現在的恩伯特恰好只是賽前暖身的深度 當時醫學上甚至做出預言認為人類不
可能徒手潛 水超過五十米 因為五十米深的水壓可以超越肋骨的強度 當時甚至有
人以此阻止更進一步的記錄挑戰 但當時計算時殊不知人類對於壓力適應還有一項
特殊機制"bloodshift" 血液以及體液會進入胸腔內幫助肋骨支撐外在的水壓
In free diving, the heart is slowed down by increasing water pressure,
a process called bradycardia. Oxygen consumption decreases along with
the heartbeat, as pressure forces blood from the extremities into the
heart, the shrinking lungs and, vitally, the brain. This is the
bloodshift. With no supply of blood to the limbs, any sudden increase
in muscular effort boosts demand for oxygen and can cause serious
cardiac strain.
自由潛水時心跳速會隨著水壓的增加而減緩 這個過程叫做
bradycardia 耗氧量也會隨著心跳的減緩而降低 不斷增加的水壓將四肢裡
的血液排擠回心臟 大腦 還有萎縮的肺部 這種血液的重新分配就叫做
"bloodshift"血液不再往四肢的肌肉供給 若此時突然的增加肌肉的負擔
（快速突然的動作）將會突然增加耗氧量 而且也會損傷心臟
"My trainer is at maximum depth with me - he wants to see me inflate
the balloon so that he knows everything is OK," says Umberto. He must
also ensure that in his narked condition Umberto is not tempted to
linger at depth.
"我的訓練師會在最深的地方看著我將上升用的大氣球充氣以確認一
切都順利進行" 他必須要確認恩伯特在那個深度沒有絲毫的停留與猶豫
Below the threshold pressure for oxygen a diver will lose
consciousness, so his ascent must not be too rapid. "Two and a half
years ago I came back with the balloon very fast, that's why I leave
it now at 45 or 50m and use my own force.
體內太低的氧分壓會使得自由潛水者昏迷 所以在上升過程中速度不
能太快 必須小心控制. "兩年半前我曾經用浮具從深處快速的上升回到水面 而發
生昏迷那就是為什麼我現在都會再四十五甚至五十米深度的地方拋棄浮具 利用自
己的力量緩慢回到水面"
"The heartbeat below 100m is seven or eight beats a minute. If you go
back up very fast, in the last 20 to 10m the lungs return to their
final position and the heart pushes blood outside the lungs at high
pressure, but the heart is still too slow to circulate the blood. I
had a problem moving my hands."
當你在水深一百米的地方 心跳將減緩到一分鐘只剩下七到八下 如果
你在這個狀態下用非常快的速度往上升 到最後十到二十米的淺處 肺部的體積會
迅速的膨脹而這樣的膨脹會對鄰近的心臟造成很大的壓力 心臟受到壓力輸血量會
受到影響偏偏此時心跳的速率還很慢 以致於心臟的輸血量無法即時供應血液循環
嚴重會造成昏迷 輕微的則是發現手臂難以移動
The other problem is equalising. Umberto wears special contact lenses
rather than a mask. "It is impossible to equalise a mask at these
depths. Even on constant-ballast dives I don't use a mask because I
would use up air to equalise."
另外一個問題是關於面鏡壓力平衡的問題 "在那樣的深度你不可能
做面鏡平衡 甚至是固定鎮重的潛水 為了節省氣量 我依然不使用一般面鏡下潛"
恩伯特採取的方式 是使用一種特殊的水下隱形眼鏡 幫助水下的視覺
Which leaves what he considers the main limiting factor in free-diving
- pressure on the ears. The body can carry only enough air to equalise
the ears down to 108m, but somehow he has to equalise again at that
depth to go on to 131m or beyond. "I use a technique that involves
pushing my tongue against the roof of my mouth, and from 95m I use my
fingers."
剩下的問題就是耳壓平衡了 而這也是一位自潛者做深度挑戰時的瓶
頸 在水面上吸飽氣做耳壓平衡的極限深度是108米 之後的耳壓平衡必須採用特
殊的技巧 "我利用我的舌頭壓抵上顎的方式作耳壓平衡 大約九十五米以後的深度
就必須用到手指頭了"（譯:應該是捏鼻的動作）
(譯 他所提到的耳壓平衡法 我在之前有提到過 歡迎參考)
"Temperature is no problem, I am only at maximum depth for ten to 15
seconds." He wears a 3mm wetsuit for constant-weight diving, a 5mm for
deeper dives.
"溫度通常都不是問題 在最大深度的停留大約只有十到十五秒"
通常他在固定鎮重潛水中穿著3mm厚的防寒衣 若要潛得更深則使用5mm
的厚度
It was after talking to Jacques Mayol that Umberto realised the
dangers of earlier techniques used by free divers. "We don't use
hyperventilation, which increases the heartbeat and blood pressure.
Pran-ayama yoga techniques are quite different, using the diaphragm to
maximise the capacity of the lungs."
當他與傑克（Jacques Mayol）交談過後 他才認識到早期自由潛水技巧的危險
性 "我們不使用超呼吸技巧 超呼吸會導致心跳率增加 也會提高血壓, 瑜珈的技巧
就完全不同了 瑜珈的呼吸法讓我們以橫隔膜的動作讓肺部擴張到最大值"
His lung capacity is big but not extraordinary at 7.2 litres."Eighty
per cent of the training is psychological. One simply has to learn how
to breathe.
恩伯特的肺活量很大約有7.2公升
"百分之八十的的訓練是心理面的 呼吸訓練是一種簡單的方式"
(補充：UMBERTO PELIZZARI was born on 28th August 1965 in Busto Arsizio,
in the province of Varese. He is 1.89 metres tall and weighs 84 kg,
and his lung capacity is 7.9 litres)
"Mental training through yoga, auto-suggestion and so on, and physical
training are all required if you want to reach the top of free diving
now. When Majorca trained only with the body and Mayol with the mind,
they could do that because the competition started around 50m. Now we
are 131m deep so the limit is always there.
透過瑜珈或是正向的自我鼓勵這一類的心理訓練 還有一些基本動作
上的生理訓練是必須的 特別是當你想要在這項運動裡超越顛峰 兩方面的訓練都
不能少 過去恩索和傑克競賽時 恩索只強調生理上的訓練 而傑克是雙管齊下
雖然他們的表現並沒有看出明顯的差異 但當時他們所處的深度才五十米左右
如今深度超過131米 這使得兩種訓練都變得相當必要
That's a problem."
Has he ever got into difficulties? "I have had two blackouts, the last
one eight years ago, but in the swimming pool. Blackouts are not a big
problem in security conditions." Doctors and scientists, including
space experts, continue to study Umberto with fascination. The head of
his medical team says each record attempt raises a whole new set of
questions.
難道恩伯特都沒有在這項運動上出現麻煩嗎 "我有過兩次昏迷的經驗 上一次昏迷
是發生在八年前 而且只是在游泳池裡 昏迷通常不是大問題只要你做好安全措施"
醫生 科學家 甚至是太空任務專家 持續研究恩伯特生理 恩伯特主要的醫護團隊
認為每一次的紀錄挑戰都會產生一些新的問題可供研究
"It's dangerous to stay too close to me when I'm celebrating at the
surface. After all, I've trained for ten months for those three
minutes - it's not like a football match."
Umberto expects to be waving his arms in triumph again in October.
This month he starts training to defend his titles, by running,
swimming and weight-training, using light weights in fast exercises to
avoid muscle development that would raise his oxygen consumption.
每次的紀錄挑戰雖然只有三分鐘左右的時間 可是之前的準備工作與訓練長達十個
月之久 訓練的方式有跑步 游泳 重量訓練 使用比較輕的負載做快速的運動以避免
肌肉長得太過大塊 過度結實的肌肉會增加氧氣的基礎消耗量
"I don't have any strict diet but I don't eat fried food or animal
fats," he says. "I don't drink, though that's not a sacrifice for me
because I never liked alcohol." No crafty smokes, either!
"我不會過度的節食但我不吃油炸物也避免動物性脂肪 因為本身不愛酒精飲料
所以也不喝酒 當然更不會抽煙 "
From March he concentrates on diving, moving and static in the pool,
and deep free diving in the sea, building from four to nine hours a
day. "It's a tough life, being compelled to train in the Caribbean and
the Bahamas! I enjoy training for free diving - the day it becomes a
sacrifice for me I stop."
恩伯特從三月開始就專心在潛水訓練上(為了十月的挑戰) 在游泳池訓練靜態
與動態的閉氣 也在海洋裡進行深度的自由潛水 一天花在這些事情的時間
從四到九小時不等
"在巴哈馬進行的這些訓練 這不輕鬆 但我仍然樂在其中 如果有一天我覺得做
這些事情對我而言是很大的犧牲 我將會立刻停止"
Come the big day, Umberto makes a couple of test dives then floats for
ten minutes or so, preparing for descent. "Psychologically the most
difficult moment is when they say 'five minutes'. You cannot postpone
then, because the security divers have to leave just before you."
挑戰日時 恩伯特先做幾次暖身性的下潛 暖身完畢後會在水面上停留十分鐘
利用這十分鐘做下潛的準備 "在心理上最大的困難是 工作人員提示還有五分鐘時
此時你不能要求延長準備時間 因為在水下深處的安全人員都已經就定位"
"ambivalent" seems the best way to describe Umberto's attitude to
scuba diving. He will tell you: "I'm a scuba instructor, so I love
scuba diving." But he also says: "I don't like diving with artificial
instruments. People get drunk, go dancing, and the day after scuba
dive, no problem. But if you are tired like that you don't free dive,
because it's a physical performance.
恩伯特對於水肺潛水有著一些看似矛盾的情緒 他會告訴你"我自己是水肺的教練
所以我也熱愛水肺潛水" 但他又說:"我不喜歡用這些人造的儀器與裝置潛水
水肺潛水員可以在前一天去舞廳跳舞 甚至喝醉 然後隔天進行水肺潛水 這一點問
題也沒有 但如果你要進行自由潛水就必須要徹頭徹底的為這項運動準備 因為自
由潛水非常重視心靈層面
"For fun it's not necessary to dive 100m deep. With manatees a metre
deep it's very good to free dive - with scuba you can't have the same
good contact. When you scuba you can make pictures to show your
friends; with free diving it is all inside you.
"A lot of things have been done for scuba diving but nothing for free
diving." Which is why Umberto is well advanced in his plans for a free-
diving training centre in Sardinia.
"純粹為了娛樂當然沒有必要潛到一百公尺深 如果和一隻海牛在一公尺深的地方
那就是一個很棒的自由潛水了 如果你背著水肺裝備你無法與生物有這樣的接觸
當你進行水肺潛水時你可以照一些美麗的圖片向你的朋友展示 但自由潛水則是
完全內在的"
"水肺潛水的系統完善 但自由潛水則無" 這也就是為什麼恩伯特將成立一個
自由潛水訓練中心 設定為生涯規劃裡一個重要的目標
His call for instructors who could free dive to 25m, stay underwater
motionless for 3 minutes and communicate well with students (not
necessarily all at once) was many times oversubscribed. The free-
diving courses themselves, which last at least three months, are open
to all.
恩伯特認為一為自由潛水教練應該具備可以潛到二十五米深 並且在水下靜態閉氣
可達三分鐘 也可在水下與學生不慌不忙清楚的溝通 他們所接受的自由潛水課程
時間上至少要有三個月
"It is not depth we are teaching but mental performance. Our goal is
not producing supermen or world record-breakers, we want to produce
complete free divers who know what to do, know how to dive and have
very good self-control.
"The best free-diving lesson I had was five years ago in the Maldives.
I was fishing off a pier and an old fisherman said: 'I saw you free
diving today. You do it very well, but may I give you a piece of
advice?' He had a coconut and a piece of coral and he threw them in
the water and said: 'Now the coconut juice is the sea - you must be
the juice, not the coral.'"
It sounds like a line from The Big Blue but it is not. It's pure free
diving.
The story so far
It all started with competition among Italian spearfishermen. The
first free-diving world record seems tame now, but it was set at 30m
in 1949 by Raimondo Bucher and crept up through the '50s. By 1960
Bucher's countryman Enzo Majorca was on the scene and set the record
of 49m, beyond which doctors warned him not to go.
一個遙遠的故事
比賽開始於義大利漁夫之間 第一個自由潛水世界冠軍現在看起來似乎很平常
當時1949年時的紀錄是三十米 後來經過整個五零年代 在1960年時被Enzo
所打破 當時的紀錄是49米 這個深度已經超過了醫生給予他的建議
But Majorca went on breaking his own record at regular intervals until
1966, when his legendary rivalry with the Frenchman Jacques Mayol,
Hollywoodised in Luc Besson's film The Big Blue, began. "The timeless
magical mysterious sea... For two men, its unknown depths will become
the ultimate test of their courage. For one woman, the ultimate test
of her love... Jacques Mayol ... can dive without oxygen to depths
never before reached... depths beyond human ece, beyond pain and
beyond reason."
Enzo此後經常的打破自己所創立的紀錄 直到1966年 一位法國人Mayol才開始
與他傳奇性的紀錄競賽 一位好萊塢導演盧貝松 曾經以他們兩個人為故事主軸
拍攝了電影"碧海藍天"
Well, sort of. Mayol pitted mind against Majorca's muscle, believing
psychological preparation to be the key. He adopted the yoga breathing
techniques now used by Pelizzari.
Mayol 與 Enzo所使用的方法 非常的不同 前者使用的是強調心靈的放鬆 引進
瑜珈的呼吸法 強調心理層面 而Enzo所使用的方法則是比較傳統的偏向生理層面
的忍受(使用超呼吸等非強調放鬆的技巧) Mayol的精神就是現在恩伯特現在所使
用的方式
What Majorca and Mayol were doing is now called no-limits variable
weight diving. They forced each other to 60m in 1966, and although The
Big Blue gives the impression that their rivalry ended quickly and
tragically, in reality they went on challenging each other for many
years.
By 1974 Mayol had dived to 86m, but Majorca regained the world record
the following year and continued to hold it until 1988, when he broke
the 100m barrier and soon after retired.
當時Mayol和Enzo所使用的方式即是現今的無限制潛水 他們兩位在1966年
彼此推進記錄到60米深 雖然電影碧海藍天裡他們的競賽似乎一下子就結束了
而且以悲劇收場 但事實並非如此 他們彼此競爭非常多年 1974年時Mayol推進
到86米深 沒多久Enzo又打破了紀錄 並且保持記錄直到1988年
1988年時 Mayol打破了一百米深的障礙 而且緊接著就宣布退休了
An Italian woman, Angela Bandini, then punched the limit down to 107m,
and in 1990 the current disciplines were standardised by CMAS, the
world underwater sports confederation, on the initiative of the FIPS,
the Italian sub-aqua sports federation. The Pelizzari-Pipin era was
under way.
一位來自義大利的女子 Angela Bandini 將深度記錄再往下推進到
107米深而且在1990年此記錄受CMAS認證 既這位女子之後
才開始了恩伯特與Pipin的時代
ps:自由潛水世界記錄 曾經一度是少數運動項目裡女子記錄超越男子 該名女子就
是本文提到的Angela Bandini
Appeared in DIVER - January 1997