1)
经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语:
every..., sometimes, at..., on Sunday。例如:
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
每天早上我七点离开家。
2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
3) 表示格言或警句。例如:
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round.
哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.
安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。
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一般过去时的用法
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday,
last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm
welcome.
那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。
3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth "到......时间了"
"该......了"。例如:It is time for you to go to bed.
你该睡觉了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了"
"早该......了" ,例如It is time you went to
bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did
sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you came
tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4) wish, wonder, think, hope
等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:I
thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较:Christine was an invalid all her
life.(含义:她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her
life.(含义:她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:
Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗?
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2)情态动词 could, would。例如:
Could you lend me your bike?
你的自行车,能借用一些吗?
used to +
do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如:
Mother used not to be so
forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。
be used to + doing:
对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如:
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk.
斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。
典型例题
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A.
本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。
现在进行时的基本用法:
a.
表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如:
We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
b.
习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:
Mr. Green is writing another
novel. 他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)
c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn,
run, go, begin等。例如:
The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
d. 与always, constantly, forever
等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如:
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。
典型例题
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___
it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has
lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D.
前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。
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过去进行时
1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。
3) 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day
yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt
himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。
It was raining when they left the station.
他们离开车站时,正下着雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was
shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。
典型例题
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C.
割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。
2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read;was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was
falling D. read;fell
答案B.句中的as = when,
while,意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。句意为
"在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。"句中的
fell(fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fall
sick。
并列连词引导两个并列的词、词组或句子。
1) and 与or
判断改错:(错)They sat down and talk about something.
(错)They started to dance and sang.
(错)I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.
(对)They sat down and talked about something.
(对)They started to dance and sing.
(对)I saw two men sitting behind and whispering
there.
解析:第一句: and 连接两个并列的谓语,所以 talk
应改为 talked。
第二句:and
连接两个并列的动词不定式,第二个不定式往往省略to,因此sang
应改为 sing。
第三句:and 连接感观动词saw
后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构,因此whisper应改为whispering。
注意:and
还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。(or也有此用法)例如:
Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.
拿定主意,这次你会有机会的。
= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.
One more effort, and you'll succeed.
再努力一下,你会成功的。
= If you make one more effort, you'll succeed.
2) both…and 两者都。例如:
She plays (both) the piano and the guitar.
她弹钢琴,也弹吉他。
3) not only…but (also), as well as不但…而且。例如:
She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.
她不但弹钢琴,也弹吉他。
注意:not only… but also
关联两个分句时,一个分句因有否定词not
而必须倒装。例如
Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can
even write some.他不但喜欢读小说,甚至还会写。
4) neithe…nor
意思为"既不……也不……"谓语动词采用就近原则,与nor后的词保持一致。例如:
Neither you nor he is to blame. 你和他都不该受指责。
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表示转折或对比
1) but表示转折,while表示对比。例如:
Some people love cats, while others hate
them.有些人喜欢猫,而有些人不喜欢。
典型例题
--- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
--- I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
答案D。but与前面形成转折,符合语意。而表并列的and,
结果的so,原因的as都不符合句意。
2) not…but…
意思为"不是…而是…",后面的用词要遵循一致原则。
They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a
human being. 这些不是动物的骨头,而是人的。
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表原因关系
1)
for是并列连词,不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首,只能将其放在两个分句中间。
判断改错:(错) For he is ill, he is absent today.
(对) He is absent today, for he is ill.
2) so为连词, therefore一般为副词。例如:
He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game.
他的腿受伤了,不能上场。
I think; therefore I exist. 我思故我在。
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比较and和or
1)
并列结构中,or通常用于否定句,and用于肯定句。
2) 但有时and
也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点:
There is no air or water in the moon.
There is no air and no water on the moon.
在否定中并列结构用or
连接,但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构,因此要用and。
典型例题
---I don't like chicken ___ fish.
---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much.
A. and; and B. and; but C. or; but D. or;and
答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。
判断改错:(错)We will die without air and water.
(错)We can't live without air or water.
(对)We will die without air or water.
(对)We can't live without air and water.
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语和宾语。例如:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2) whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语,
若指物,它还可以同of which互换)。例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken
down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is
green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which,
that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如:
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in
the countryside.
农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which /
that在句中作宾语)
The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come
unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)
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关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
1)关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+
which"结构,因此常常和"介词+
which"结构交替使用。例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must
yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where(in which) I was
born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our
offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2)that代替关系副词,可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,
where, why和"介词+
which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was
born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he
lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
情况
构成方法
读音
例词
一般情况
加 -s
清辅音后读/s/
map-maps
浊辅音和元音后读 /z/
bag-bags /car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等结尾
加 -es
读 /iz/
bus-buses/ watch-watches
以ce, se, ze,等结尾
加 -s
读 /iz/
license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾
变y 为i再加es
读 /z/
baby---babies
1) 以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y
结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数。例如:
two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
2) 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:
a. 加s,如: photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos;
b. 加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如zero---zeros /
zeroes。
3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时:
a. 加s,如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs;
b. 去f,fe 加ves,如:half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如handkerchief: handkerchiefs /
handkerchieves。
1.3 名词复数的不规则变化
1) child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意:由一个词加 man 或
woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women,如an
Englishman,two
Englishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the
Bowmans。
2) 单复同形,如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese
,li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four
jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a
dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。
3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。例如:
people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a
police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of
cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the
Japanese,the Swiss
等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用,如The Chinese are
industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
4) 以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:
a.
maths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数。
b. news 为不可数名词。
c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945.
联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d.
以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。例如:
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book.
《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5) 表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses
(眼镜) trousers, clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词
pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of
trousers等。
6)
另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼。
1.4 不可数名词量的表示
1)物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。
比较:Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。
(不可数)
These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,可数。例如:
This factory produces steel. (不可数)
We need various steels. (可数)
c. 当物质名词表示份数时,可数。例如:
Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。
Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
2) 抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如:
four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量,如a
glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一则建议。
5. 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。
1) 用复数作定语。例如:
sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室
talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages
department 外语系
2) man, woman,
gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如:
men workers women teachers gentlemen officials
3) 有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。例如:
goods train (货车) arms produce 武器生产
customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷
4)
数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如:
two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路
two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年计划
1.6 不同国籍人的单复数
国籍
总称(谓语用复数)
单数
复数
中国人
the Chinese
a Chinese
two Chinese
瑞士人
the Swiss
a Swiss
two Swiss
澳大利亚人
the Australians
an Australian
two Australians
俄国人
the Russians
a Russian
two Russians
意大利人
the Italians
an Italian
two Italians
希腊人
the Greek
a Greek
two Greeks
法国人
the French
a Frenchman
two Frenchmen
日本人
the Japanese
a Japanese
two Japanese
美国人
the Americans
an American
two Americans
印度人
the Indians
an Indian
two Indians
加拿大人
the Canadians
a Canadian
two Canadians
德国人
the Germans
a Germans
two Germans
英国人
the English
an Englishman
two Englishmen
瑞典人
the Swedish
a Swede
two Swedes
1.7 名词的格
英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a
teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下:
1)
单数名词词尾加"'s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加"'s",如the
boy's bag 男孩的书包,men's room 男厕所。
2) 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加" ' ",如:the workers'
struggle 工人的斗争。
3) 凡不能加"'s"的名词,都可以用"名词+of
+名词"的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of the song
歌的名字。
4)
在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the
barber's 理发店。
5)
如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示"分别有";只有一个's,则表示'共有'。例如:
John's and Mary's rooms(两间) John and Mary's
room(一间)
6) 复合名词或短语,'s
加在最后一个词的词尾。例如:a month or two's absence
冠词本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词,另一种是不定冠词,还有一种是零冠词。
不定冠词a (an)与数词one
同源,是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作[e],而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做[en]。
1) 表示"一个",意为one;指某人或某物,意为a
certain。例如:
A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
有位姓凌的先生在等你。
2) 代表一类人或物。例如:
A knife is a tool for cutting with. 刀是切割的工具。
Mr. Smith is an engineer. 史密斯先生是工程师。
3) 组成词组或成语,如a little / a few / a lot / a type of
/ a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute
/ in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a
try /keep an eye on / all of a sudden等。
2.2 定冠词的用法
定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有"那(这)个"的意思,但意义较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
1)特指双方都明白的人或物。例如:
Take the medicine. 把药吃了。
2)上文提到过的人或事。例如:
He bought a house. I've been to the house.
他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。
3)指世上独一物二的事物,如the sun, the sky, the
moon, the earth等。
4)与单数名词连用表示一类事物,如the dollar 美元;
the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the
rich 富人; the living 生者。
5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only,very,same等前面。例如:
Where do you live? I live on the second floor.
你住在哪?我住在二层。
That's the very thing I've been looking for.
那正是我要找的东西。
6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体。例如:
They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师)
They are teachers of this school. (指部分教师)
7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前。例如:
She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。
8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前。例如:
the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国
the United States 美国
9)用在表示乐器的名词之前。例如:
She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴。
10)
用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人。例如:
the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)
11) 用在惯用语中。例如:
in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening), the
day after tomorrow
the day before yesterday, the next morning,
in the sky (water,field,country)
in the dark, in the rain, in the distance,
in the middle (of), in the end,
on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre
2.3 零冠词的用法
1) 国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:England,Mary。
2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词。例如:
They are teachers. 他们是教师。
3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词。例如:
Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。
4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词。例如:
Man cannot live without water. 离开水人就无法生存。
5)在季节、月份、节日、
假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词。例如:
We go to school from Monday to Friday.
我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词。例如:
The guards took the American to General Lee.
士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词,如have
breakfast,play chess。
8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词。例如:
I can't write without pen or
pencil. 没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。
9)当by
与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词,如by
bus,by train。
10)有些个体名词不用冠词,如school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court
等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义。例如:
go to hospital 去医院看病
go to the hospital 去医院
(并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)
11)不用冠词的序数词;
a. 序数词前有物主代词时。
b. 序数词作副词。例如:He came first in the race.
他跑步得了第一。
c. 在固定词组中,如at(the)first, first of all, from
first to last等。
2.4 冠词与形容词+名词结构
1)
两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同的人或物。例如:
He raises a black and a white
cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
The black and the white cats are
hers. 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。
2)
如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一人或一物。例如:
He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。
2.5 冠词位置
1) 不定冠词位置
不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意:
a. 位于such,what,many,half等形容词之后。例如:
I have never seen such an animal.
我从来没见过这样的动物。
Many a man is fit for the job. 许多人适合这岗位。
b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however,
enough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后。例如:
It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.
我从未这么高兴过。
So short a time 如此短的时间
Too long a distance 距离太远了
c.
quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。但当rather,quite
前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可,如:rather a
cold day/a rather cold day。
d. 在as,though
引导的让步状语从句中,当表语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后。例如:
Brave a man though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes.
他尽管勇敢,可见到蛇还是发抖。
2) 定冠词位置
定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all,
both,double,half,twice,three
times等词之后,名词之前。例如:
All the students in the class went
out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。
2.6 数词
表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
一、基数词
1)基数词一般可写成如345或three hundred and
forty-five。
2)基数词一般是单数形式,但遇下列情况,常用复数:
a. 与of
短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连用,如scores
of people 指许多人;
b. 在一些表示"一排"或"一组"的词组里。例如:
They arrived in twos and threes. 他们三三两两的到了。
c. 表示"几十岁"。
d. 表示"年代",用 in +the +数词复数。
e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如Three fives
is(are)fifteen。
二、序数词
序数词的缩写形式如first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st等。
三、 数词的用法
1)倍数表示法
a. 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. + as。例如
I have three times as many as
you. 我有你三倍那么多。
b. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ the size
(amount,length…) of…。例如:
The earth is 49 times the size of the
moon. 地球是月球的49倍。
c. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+
形容词(副词)比较级+ than…。例如:
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of
last year. 今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。
d. 还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍。例如:
The production of grain has been increased by four times this
year. 今年粮食产量增加了4倍。
2)分数表示法的构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数。例如:
1/3 one-third; 3/37 three and three-sevenths
1)人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语。例如:
John waited a while but eventually he went home.
约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.
约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。
说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中。例如:
When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.
约翰一到就直接去银行了。
2)人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语。例如:
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.
我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做宾语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补语)
a. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶?
b. -- Me. --我。(me做主语补语= It's
me.)
说明:在上面两例句中,her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格,在正式文体中这里应为she和I。
3.2 人称代词之主、宾格的替换
1) 宾格代替主格
a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not
后,多用宾语。
---- I like English. --我喜欢英语。
---- Me too. --我也喜欢。
---- Have more wine? --再来点酒喝吗?
---- Not me. --我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。
但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。
He is taller than I/me.
He is taller than I am.
2) 主格代替宾格
a. 在介词but,except 后,有时可用主格代替宾格。
b. 在电话用语中常用主格。
---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。
---- This is she. --我就是玛丽。
注意:在动词be 或to be
后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
I thought it was she.
我以为是她。 (主格----主格)
I thought it to be
her. (宾格----宾格)
I was taken to be she. 我被当成了她。
(主格----主格)
They took me to be her. 他们把我当成了她。
(宾格----宾格)
3.3 代词的指代问题
1)不定代词 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone,
everyone,no one,
及whoever和person在正式场合使用时,可用he, his,
him代替。例如:
Nobody came, did he? 谁也没来,是吗?
2)动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he,
she,带有亲切的感情色彩。例如:
Give the cat some food. She is
hungry. 给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。
3)指代车或国家,船舶的名词,含感情色彩时常用she。
3.4 并列人称代词的排列顺序
1)
单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:第二人称->
第三人称 -> 第一人称,即you-> he/she; it -> I。例如:
You, he and I should return on time.
2) 复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:第一人称
-> 第二人称 -> 第三人称,即we ->you->they。
注意: 在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面。
a. 在承认错误,承担责任时,
It was I and John that made her angry.
是我和约翰惹她生气了。
b.
在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称,如:
I and you try to finish it. 我和你去弄好它。
c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时。
d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。
3.5 物主代词
1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用。例如:
John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his
desk.
约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。
物主代词有形容词性(my, your等)和名词性(mine,
yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的--'s属格结构。例如:
Jack's cap 意为The cap is Jack's。
His cap 意为The cap is his。
2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能
a. 作主语。例如:
May I use your pen? Yours works better.
我可以用一用你的钢笔吗?你的比我的好用。
b. 作宾语。例如:
I love my motherland as much as you love yours.
我深爱我的祖国就像你深爱你的祖国一样。
c. 作介词宾语。例如:
Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in
yours.
你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的去解释。
d. 作主语补语。例如:
The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's
yours. 我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。
3.6 双重所有格
物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any,
several, no, each, every, such, another,
which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。公式为:a,
an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。例如:a friend of
mine, each brother of his.
7 .反身代词
1) 列表
数
单数
复数
人称
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
人称代词
I
you
he/she/it
we
you
they
反身代词
myself
yourself
yourself/herself/himself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
另外:one的反身代词为oneself
2)做宾语
a. 有些动词需有反身代词,如absent, bathe, amuse, blame,
dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave等。例如:
We enjoyed ourselves very much last
night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。
Please help yourself to some fish. 请你随便吃点鱼。
b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词,如take pride in, be annoyed
with, help oneself to sth等。例如:
I could not dress(myself)up at that
time. 那个时候我不能打扮我自己。
注:有些动词后不跟反身代词,如:get up, sit-down, stand
up, wake up等。例如:
Please sit down. 请坐。
3) 用作表语,如结构be oneself。例如:
I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。
4) 用作同位语
The thing itself is not
important. 事情本身并不重要。
5) 在不强调的情况下,but, except, for
等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如:No
one but myself(me)is hurt.
注意:
a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
(错) Myself drove the car.
(对) I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。
b. 但在and, or,
nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself
作主语。例如:
Charles and myself saw it. 查尔斯和我看见了这件事。
3.8 相互代词
1)相互代词只有each other和one
another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的。例如:
It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have
always copied each other.
显而易见,不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。
2)相互代词的句法功能:
a. 作动词宾语;
People should love one another. 人们应当彼此相爱。
b. 可作介词宾语;
Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other.
吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。
说明:传统语法认为,相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each
other, 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one
another。现代英语中,两组词交替使用的实例也很多。例如:
He put all the books beside each other/one another.
他把所有书并列摆放起来。
Usually these small groups were independent of each other.
这些小团体通常是相互独立的。
c. 相互代词可加-'s构成所有格。例如:
The students borrowed each other's notes.
学生们互借笔记。
3.9 指示代词
1) 指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these /
those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词。例如:
单数
复数
限定词
This girl is Mary.
Those men are my teachers.
代词
This is Mary.
Those are my teachers.
2) 指示代词的句法功能;
a. 作主语。例如:
This is the way to do it.
这事儿就该这样做。
b. 作宾语。例如:
I like this better than that.
我喜欢这个甚至那个。
c. 作主语补语。例如:
My point is this. 我的观点就是如此。
d. 作介词宾语。例如:
I don't say no to that. 我并未拒绝那个。
There is no fear of that. 那并不可怕。
说明1:指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人。例如:
(对)That is my
teacher. 那是我的老师。(that作主语,指人)
(对)He is going to marry this
girl. 他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定词)
(错)He is going to marry
this. (this作宾语时不能指人)
(对)I bought
this. 我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语)
说明2:That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和
these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较:
(对) He admired that which looked
beautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。
(对) He admired those who looked beautiful.
他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)
(错) He admired that who danced
well. (that作宾语时不能指人)
(对) He admired those who danced
well. 他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人)
(对) He admired those which looked beautiful.
他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物)
3.10 疑问代词
1)
疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:
指人: who, whom, whose
指物: what
既可指人又可指物: which
2)
疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。what,
which, whose还可作限定词。试比较:
疑问代词:Whose are these books on the desk?
桌上的书是谁的?
What was the directional flow of U. S.
territorial expansion? 美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?
限定词:Whose books are these on the desk?
桌上的书是谁的?
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming
part of the United States?
哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?
说明1:无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which 和
what
所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内。例如:
Which girls do you like best?
你喜欢哪几个姑娘?
What girls do you like best?
你喜欢什么样的姑娘?
说明2:Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom,
例如:
Who(m)did you meet on the street?
你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)
Who(m) are you taking the book to?
你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)
To whom did you speak on the campus?
你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词后,不能用who取代。)
说明3:
疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时,过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首,现代英语中,疑问代词在句首,介词在句末。例如:
For what do most people live and work?
大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(旧文体)
What are you looking for? 你在找什么?(现代英语)
说明4: 疑问代词还可引导名词性从句。例如:
I can't make out what he is driving at.
我不知道他用意何在。
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?
你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?
Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with
you.
你说的我大部分同意,但并不完全赞同。
11. 关系代词
1)
关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分。例如:
The girl to whom I spoke is my
cousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。
该句中whom既代表先行词the
girl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语。
2)
关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中,that
可指人也可指物,见表:
指人
指物
指人或指物
主 格
who
which
that
宾 格
whom
that
that
属 格
whose
of which/whose
of which/whose
例如:This is the pencil whose point is broken.
这就是那枝折了尖的铅笔。(whose
指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语)
He came back for the book which he had
forgotten. 他回来取他丢下的书。(which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)
说明:非限定性定语从句中,不能用that作关系代词。
3) 关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子。例如:
He said he saw me there, which was a lie.
他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。
说明:
关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。另外,关系代词that在从句中作表语时也可省略,例如:
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.
我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了。
He's changed. He's not the man he was.
他变化很大,已不是过去的他了。
3.12 every , no, all, both, neither, nor
1)不定代词有all , both, every, each, either, neither, more,
little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no
以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone,
anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody,
everyone.等。
2)不定代词的功能与用法
a. 除every
和no外不定代词既可用作名词,也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。例如:
I have no idea about it. 我不知该咋办。
b. all 都,指三者以上。all
的主谓一致:all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。例如:
All goes well. 一切进展得很好。
all 通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:不说 all
the book,而说 the whole book。
但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如 all
day,all night,all the year;但习惯上不说 all hour,all
century。
all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用,如 all
China,all the city,all my life,all the way
3)both 都,指两者。
a. both 与复数动词连用,但 both…
and…可与单数名词连用。
b. both, all 都可作同位语,其位置在行为动词前,
be
动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省去,则位于助动词或情态动词之前。例如:
Who can speak Japanese? 谁能讲日本话?
We both(all)can. 我们都不会。
4)neither 两者都不
a. neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
b. 作定语与单数名词连用,但neither… nor
用作并列连词,可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。
c. 可用于下列句型,避免重复。例如:
She can't sing,neither(can)he. 她不会唱歌,他也不会。
5)neither 与nor 的比较
a. 如前句是否定式从句,则主句用neither,而不用
nor。例如:
If you don't do it,neither should
I. 如果你不干,我也不干。
b.
如后连续有几个否定句式,则用nor,不用neither。例如:
He can't sing,nor dance,nor skate.
他不会唱歌,不会跳舞,也不会滑冰。
一、 none 无
1) none作主语,多与of 构成短语 none of。
在答语中,none可单独使用。例如:
Are there any pictures on the wall? 墙上有画吗?
None. 没。
2)
none作主语,谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语,则其单复数与表语一致。例如:
It is none of your business. 闲事莫管。
二、few 一些,少数
few 作主语时,谓语动词用复数,多用于肯定句。
三、some 一些
1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。
2) 当做"某一"解时,也可与单数名词连用。(= a
certain)
You will be sorry for this some day.
总有一天,你会为此后悔的。
A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule.
有些人不同意你的看法。
注意:
(1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。
(2)some用于其他句式中:
a.肯定疑问句中:说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答时。
Would you
like句式中,表委婉请求或建议。例如:
Would you like some coffee? 喝咖啡吗?
b.在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时。例如:
If you need some help,let me know.
需要帮助,跟我说。
c.some位于主语部分。例如:
Some students haven't been there before.
有些学生没去过那儿。
d.当否定的是整体中的部分时,some可用于否定句。例如:
I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years.
这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。
四、any 一些
1) any 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。
当句中含有任何的意思时,any可用于肯定句。
Here are three novels. You may read
any. 这有三本小说,你可任读一本。
五、one, 复数形式为ones
ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前,则用some,
any,而不用ones。例如:
Have you bought any rulers? 买尺了吗?
Yes, I 've bought some. 买了,买了几把。
3.14 one,that 和it
one表示泛指,that和it
表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it
与所指名词为同一个。例如:
I can't find my hat. I think I must buy
one.(不定)我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。
The hat you bought is bigger than that I
bought.(同类但不同个)你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。
I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.(
同一物)我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。
3.15 one/another/the other
one… the other 只有两个
some… the others 有三个以上
one… another,another…
some… others,others…
others = other people/things
the others = the rest 剩余的全部
1) 泛指另一个用another。
2) 一定范围内两人(物),一个用one,另一个用the
other。
3) 一定范围内三者,一个用one,另一个用one
(another),第三个可用the other,a third。
4)
一定范围内,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the
others。
5)
泛指别的人或物时,用others当在一定范围内,除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部时,也用others。
3.16 “the”的妙用
He is one of the students who help me.
He is the one of the students who helps me.
他是帮我的学生之一。
第一句定语从句与the students 一致。
第二句定语从句与the one 一致。
3.17 anyone/any one;no one/none;every/each
1.anyone 和 any one
anyone仅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。
2.no one 和none
a) none 后跟of短语,既可指人又可指物,而no
one只单独使用,只指人。
b) none 作主语,谓语动词用单,复数均可,而no
one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。例如:
None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。
---- Did any one call me up just
now? --刚才有人打电话给我吗?
---- No one. --没有。
3.every 和each
1) every 强调全体的概念, each强调个体概念。例如:
Every student in our school works
hard. 我们学校的学生都很用功。
Each student may have one
book.. 每个学生都可有一本书。
2) every
指三个以上的人或物(含三个),each指两个以上的人或物
(含两个)。
3) every
只作形容词,不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。例如:
Every boy has to take one. 每个男孩必须取一个。
Each boy has to take one.
Each of the boys has to take one.
4) every不可以作状语,each可作状语。
5) every 有反复重复的意思,如 every two weeks等;
each没有。
6) every 与not 连用,表示部分否定; each
和not连用表示全部否定。例如:
Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。
Each man is not honest. 这儿每个人都不诚实。
3.18 both, either, neither, all, any, none
这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be
动词之后,行为动词之前或第一个助动词之后。
1) both
(两者都),either(两者中任何一个),neither
(两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。例如:
Neither of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都不聪明。
2) both,either
both与复数连用,either与单数连用。例如:
Both the boys are clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。
Either of the two boys is clever.
There are flowers on both sides of the street.
路边长满了野花。
There are flowers on either side of the street.
3) all (所有的,全部的人或物),any
(任何一个), none (都不)。
以上词使用范围为三者以上。例如:
All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都谢了。
I don't like any of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。
I like none of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。
注意:all与none用法一样。跟单数名词,用单数动词;跟复数名词,用复数动词。例如:
All of the students are there. 所有的学生都在那。
All (of) the milk is there.
所有的牛奶都在那。
3.19 many, much
Many,much都意为"许多", many + 可数名词,much +
不可数名词。例如:
How many people are there at the meeting?
多少人出席了会议。
How much time has we left? 还剩多少时间?
Many of the workers were at the meeting.许多工人在开会。
Much of the time was spent on
learning.学习上化了许多时间。
3.20 few, little, a few, a little
(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词
a few / a little 为肯定含义,还有一点
few / little 为否定含义,没有多少了。例如:
He has a few friends. 他有几个朋友。
He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。
There is little time left. 几乎没剩下什么时间了。
固定搭配:only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite
a few (=many) many a (=many)。例如:
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold. 卖出了许多书。
典型例题:
Although he 's wealthy,he spends___ on clothes.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
答案: A. spend所指的是钱,不可数,只能用little或
a little.
本句为although引导的让步状语从句,由句意知后句为否定含义,因此应用little表示几乎不。
感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to,
smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性,+doing
表示动作的进行性。例如:
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实)
I saw him working in the garden
yesterday.(强调"我见他正干活"这个动作)昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
典型例题
1)They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from
childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
答案:A。因题意为,他们看着她长大,因此强调的是成长的过程,而非正在长的动作,因此用see
sb do sth 的句型。
2)The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
答案A. 本题强调其动作,正在河边玩,应此用see
sb. doing sth句型。
remember doing/to do
remember to do 记得去做某事,remember
doing 记得做过某事。例如:
Remember to go to the post office after school.
记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?
你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
regret doing/to do
regret to do 对将要做的事遗憾,regret
doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。例如:
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.
我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没有办法。
I don't regret telling her what I
thought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。
典型例题
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret ___ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
答案:D。regret having done sth.
对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth.
对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔,因此选D。
try doing/to do
try to do 努力,企图做某事,try
doing 试验,试着做某事。例如:
You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed.
我试着种果木花卉,但未成功。
go on doing/to do
go on to do 做了一件事后,接着做另一件事,go on
doing 继续做原来做的事。例如:
After he had finished his maths,he went on to do his physics.
做完数学后,他接着去做物理。
Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.
作完这个练习后,接着做其他的练习
be interested doing/to do
interested to
do 对做某事感兴趣,想了解某事,interested in doing
对某种想法感兴趣,doing 通常为想法。例如:
I shall be interested to know what happens.
我很想知道发生了什么事。(想了解)
I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about
that?
我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? (一种想法)
begin(start) doing/to do
begin / start to do sth /begin / start doing sth.
1)
谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时,使用doing。例如:
How old were you when you first started playing the piano?
你几岁时开始弹钢琴?
2) begin, start用进行时时,后面动词用不定式to
do。例如:
I was beginning to get angry。我开始生起气来。
3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand,
realize这类动词时,常用不定式to do。例如:
I begin to understand the truth。我开始明白真相。
4) 事物作主语时。例如:
The snow began to melt.雪开始融化了
mean to doing/to do
mean to do 打算、想,mean doing 意味着。例如:
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.
我想去,但是我父亲不肯让我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.
增加工资意味着增加购买力。
be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to
do 不敢,胆怯去做某事,是主观上的原因不去做,意为"怕",be
afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing
是客观上造成的,意为"生怕,恐怕"。例如:
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being
bitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬着,不敢在草丛中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
try doing/to do
try to do 努力,企图做某事,try
doing 试验,试着做某事。例如:
You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed.
我试着种果木花卉,但未成功。
cease doing/to do
cease to do 长时间,甚至永远停做某事,cease doing
短时停止做某事,以后还会接着做。例如:
That department has ceased to exist forever.
那个系已不复存在。
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed
by. 姑娘们在老师走过时,停了会聊天。
forget doing/to do
forget to do 忘记要去做某事,forget
doing 忘记做过某事。例如:
The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还在亮着,他忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
He forgot turning the light off.
他忘记他已经关了灯了。(已做过关灯的动作)
典型例题
---- The light in the office is still on.
---- Oh,I forgot___.
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D.
having turned it off
答案:C。由the light is still on
可知灯亮着,即关灯的动作没有发生,因此用forget to
do sth.而forget doing
sth表示灯已经关上了,而忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。
stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止,中断做某事后去做另一件事,stop
doing 停止做某事。例如:
They stop to smoke a cigarette.
他们停下来,抽了根烟。
I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟了。
典型例题
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by
the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
答案:C。由题意可知,她到了山顶,停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此,应选择"stop
to do sth.
停下来去做另一件事"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止,所以stop
doing sth.不正确。
形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot。
2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid
害怕的。
(错) He is an ill man.
(对) The man is ill.
(错) She is an afraid girl.
(对) The girl is afraid.
这类词还有:
well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake
等。
3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后。例如:something
nice.
4.2 以-ly结尾的形容词
1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但
friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。
改错: (错) She sang lovely.
(错) He spoke to me very friendly.
(对) Her singing was lovely.
(对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly
结尾既为形容词,也为副词,如daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early等。例如:
The Times is a weekly paper. 《时代周刊》为周刊。
The Times is published weekly.
《时代周刊》每周发行一期。
4.3 用形容词表示类别和整体
1)
某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接,如the
dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the
hungry等。例如:
The poor are losing hope. 穷人行将失去希望。
2)
有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用,如the
British,the English,the French,the Chinese等。例如:
The English have wonderful sense of humor.
英国人颇有幽默感。
4.4 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)--出处--材料性质--类别--名词。例如:
a small round table/ a tall gray building/ a dirty old brown
shirt/ a famous German medical school/ an expensive Japanese sports car
典型例题:
1) Tony is going camping with ___ boys.
A. little two other B. two little other C. two
other little D. little other two
答案:C。由"限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)
--性质--名词"的顺序可知数词,描绘词,性质依次顺序,只有C符合答案。
2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone
Chinese D. Chinese stone old
答案A.
几个形容词修饰一个名词,他们的排列顺序是:年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。
3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
---- It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the
___days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few
D. few sunny last
答案:B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的方在后,在不能确定时,可参照:限定词+数量词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词,如those
+ three + beautiful + large + square +old + brown + wood + table。
4.5 副词及其基本用法
副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。
一、副词的位置
1) 在动词之前。
2) 在be动词、助动词之后。
3) 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
注意:
a.
大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。例如:
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of
us.我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。
b. 方式副词well,badly,hard等只放在句尾。例如:
He speaks English well. 他英语说得好。
二、副词的排列顺序:
1) 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。
2)
方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。例如:
Please write slowly and carefully.
请写得慢一些,仔细一些
3) 多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
注意:副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。
改错:(错) I very like English.
(对) I like English very much.
注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。例如:
I don't know him well enough. 他我不熟悉。
There is enough food for everyone to
eat.有足够的食物供每个人吃。
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
4.6 兼有两种形式的副词
1) close与closely
close意思是"近";closely 意思是"仔细地"。例如:
He is sitting close to me. 他就坐在我边上。
Watch him closely. 盯着他。
2) late 与lately
late意思是"晚";lately 意思是"最近"。例如:
You have come too late. 你来得太晚了。
What have you been doing lately? 近来好吗?
3) deep与deeply
deep意思是"深",表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,"深深地"。例如:
He pushed the stick deep into the
mud.他把棍子深深插进泥里。
Even father was deeply moved by the
film.老爸也被电影深深打动了。
4) high与highly
high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much。例如:
The plane was flying high. 这架飞机飞得很高。
I think highly of your opinion. 你的看法很有道理。
5) wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是"广泛地","在许多地方"。例如:
He opened the door wide. 他把门开得大大的。
English is widely used in the
world.英语在世界范围内广泛使用。
6) free与freely
free的意思是"免费";freely
的意思是"无限制地"。例如:
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you
like.无论什么时候,我这饭铺免费对你开放。
You may speak freely; say what you
like.你可以畅所欲言,想说什么就说什么。
4.7 形容词与副词的比较级
大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1) 规则变化
单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。
构成法
原级
比较级
最高级
一般单音节词未尾加-er,-est
tall
taller
tallest
以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以-
le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st
nice
nicer
nicest
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-est
big
bigger
biggest
"以辅音字母+y"结尾的双音节词,改y为i,再加-er,-est
busy
busier
busiest
少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-est
clever/narrow
cleverer/ narrower
cleverest/ narrowest
其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级
important/ easily
more important/ more easily
most important/ most easily
2) 不规则变化
原级
比较级
最高级
good
better
best
well(健康的)
worse
worst
bad
ill(有病的)
old
older/elder
oldest/eldest
much/many
more
most
little
less
least
far
farther/further
farthest/furthest
4.8. as + 形容词或副词原级 + as
1)在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。例如:
He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。
2)当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式:as +形容词+ a
+单数名词/ as + many/much +名词。例如:
This is as good an example as the other is.
这个例子和另外一个一样好。
I can carry as much paper as you can.
你能搬多少纸,我也能。
3)用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时,放在as的前面。例如:
This room is twice as big as that one.
这房间的面积是那间的两倍。
Your room is the same size as
mine. 你的房间和我的一样大。
4)倍数+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍数+ the … + of。例如:
This bridge is three times as long as that one.
这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine.
你的房间是我的两倍大。
Your room is twice the size of mine.
4.9 比较级形容词或副词 + than 。例如:
You are taller than I. 你比我高。
They lights in your room are brighter than those in
mine.你房间的那些灯比我房间里的亮。
注意:
1)要避免重复使用比较级。
(错) He is more cleverer than his brother.
(对) He is more clever than his brother.
(对) He is clever than his brother.
2)要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
(错) China is larger than any country in Asia.
(对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3)要注意对应句型,遵循前后一致的原则。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4)要注意定冠词在比较级中的使用。
比较:Which is larger, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.
4.10 可修饰比较级的词
1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a
great deal, any, still, even等。
2)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3)以上词(除by
far)外,必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
典型例题:
1)---- Are you feeling ____?
---- Yes,I'm fine now.
A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite
better
答案:B. any
可修饰比较级,quite修饰原级,well的比较级为better.
2)The experiment was____ easier than we had expected.
A. more B. much more C. much D. more
much
答案:C. much可修饰比较级,因此B,C都说得通,但easier本身已是比较级,不需more,因此C为正确答案。
3)If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.
A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest
time D. a much happier time
答案:D。
4.10 可修饰比较级的词
1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a
great deal, any, still, even等。
2)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3)以上词(除by
far)外,必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
典型例题:
1)---- Are you feeling ____?
---- Yes,I'm fine now.
A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite
better
答案:B. any
可修饰比较级,quite修饰原级,well的比较级为better.
2)The experiment was____ easier than we had expected.
A. more B. much more C. much D. more
much
答案:C. much可修饰比较级,因此B,C都说得通,但easier本身已是比较级,不需more,因此C为正确答案。
3)If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.
A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest
time D. a much happier time
答案:D。
4.11 many, old 和 far
1) 如果后接名词时,much more +不可数名词,many more
+可数名词复数。
2) old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest
和elder/eldest。elder,eldest
只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。例如:
My elder brother is an engineer. 我哥哥是个工程师。
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.
玛丽是三姐妹中最大的。
3) far 有两种比较级,farther,further。一般father
表示距离,further表示进一步。例如:
I have nothing further to say. 我没什么要说了。
4.12 the + 最高级 + 比较范围
1)形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词
the,副词最高级前可不用。例如:
The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.
撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。
形容词most前面没有the,不表示最高级的含义,只表示"非常"。例如:
It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem.
这是个很重要的问题。
注意:使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。
(错) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
(对) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2) 下列词可修饰最高级,by far, far, much, mostly,
almost。例如:
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.
这帽子差不多是最大的了。
注意:
a. very可修饰最高级,但位置与much不同。
This is the very best.
This is much the best.
b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。例如:
Africa is the second largest
continent.非洲是第二大洲。
3) 最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。例如:
Mike is the most intelligent in his class.
马克是班上最聪明的。
Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.
4) "否定词语+比较级","否定词语+ so…
as"结构也可以表示最高级含义。例如:
Nothing is so easy as this. 没比这更简单的了。
=Nothing is easier than this.
=This is the easiest thing.
4.13 和more有关的词组,
1) the more…the more… 越……就越……。例如:
The harder you work,the greater progress you'll make.
越努力,进步越大。
2) more B than A=less A than B 与其说A不如说B。例如:
He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than
lazy at his work.
他工作时,与其说是反应慢不如说是懒。
3) no more… than…
与……一样……,不比……多。例如:
The officials could see no more than the Emperor.
官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。
no less… than… 与……一样……。例如:
He is no less diligent than you. 他和你一样勤勉。
4) more than 不只是,非常。例如:
She is more than kind to us all. 她对我们非常热心。
典型例题
1)The weather in China is different from____.
A. in America B. one in America C. America
D. that in America
答案:D.
本题意为"中国的天气比美国热。"比较的是天气而不是国家,C不能选。A没有名词,后句成分不全,排除。B和D中,B中的one常用来代替可数名词,而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词,所以选D。
2)After the new technique was introduced,the factory produced ___
tractors in 1988 as the year before.
A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice
many as
答案C.
此句意为"这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍"。表示倍数用"倍数+
as + 形容词原形+ as
+比较对象"的句型。所以此句答案为C。
系动词亦称联系动词(Link
Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。说明:有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语。例如:
He fell ill yesterday.
他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。)
He fell off the ladder.
他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。
1)状态系动词
用来表示主语状态,只有be一词。例如:
He is a
teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)
2)持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,
rest, remain, stay, lie, stand。例如:
He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3)表像系动词
用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear,
look。例如:
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
4)感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。 例如:
This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。
5)变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become,
grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。例如:
He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time.
她没多长时间就富了。
6)终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out,
表达"证实","变成"之意。例如:
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。
His plan turned out a success.
他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)
5.2 助动词
1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词的词叫助动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词。助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用。例如:
He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。
(doesn't是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)
2) 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:
a. 表示时态。例如:
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态。例如:
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句。例如:
Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?
Did you study English before you came
here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗?
d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句。例如:
I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气。例如:
Do come to the party tomorrow evening.
明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3) 最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should,
would等。
5.3 助动词be的用法
1) be +现在分词,构成进行时态。例如:
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important.
英语现在越来越重要。
2) be + 过去分词,构成被动语态。例如:
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
3) be + 动词不定式,可表示下列内容:
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如:
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
We are to teach the freshmen. 我们要教新生。
说明:
这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令。例如:
You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this
afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
c. 征求意见。例如:
How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他?
Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢?
d. 表示相约、商定。例如:
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow
morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
5.4 助动词have的用法
1)have +过去分词,构成完成时态。例如:
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their
work. 上月未为止,他们已经完成工作的一半。
2)have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时。例如:
I have been studying English for ten years.
我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。
3)have +been
+过去分词,构成完成式被动语态。例如:
English has been taught in China for many years.
中国教英语已经多年。
5.5 助动词do 的用法
1)构成一般疑问句。例如:
Do you want to pass the
CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗?
Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗?
2)do + not 构成否定句。例如:
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of
English.
过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3) 构成否定祈使句。例如:
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明: 构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。
4)放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气。例如:
Do come to my birthday
party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
I do miss you. 我确实想你。
5)用于倒装句。例如:
Never did I hear of such a thing.
我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance
of English.
进了大学以后,我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明: 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely,
little, only, so, well等。
6)用作代动词。例如:
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗?
---- Yes, I
do. --是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.)
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?
他知道如何开车,对吧?
5.6 助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如:
I shall study harder at English.
我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
说明:在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will
只用于第二、第三人称。现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:
He shall come. 他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。)
He will
come. 他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。)
5.7 助动词should, would的用法
1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称。例如:
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。
比较:"What shall I do next week?" I asked.
"我下周干什么?"我问道。
可以说,shall变成间接引语时,变成了should。
2)
would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称。例如:
He said he would come. 他说他要来。
比较:"I will go," he said.
他说:"我要去那儿。"变成间接引语,就成了He said he
would come。原来的will变成would,go变成了come.。
5.8 短语动词
动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如:
Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。(turn
off是短语动词)
短语动词的构成基本有下列几种:
1)动词+副词,如:black out;
2)动词+介词,如:look into;
3)动词+副词+介词,如:look forward
to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词。
5.9 非谓语动词
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式,动名词,和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。
1)不定式
时态\语态
主动
被动
一般式
to do
to be done
完成式
to have done
to have been done
2)动名词
时态\语态
主动
被动
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
3)分词
时态\语态
主动
被动
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
否定形式: not +不定式, not + 动名词, not +
现在分词
1)作主语。例如:
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
南方与北方开战了。
2)作宾语
a. 有些动词可以用动名词作宾语。例如:
admit 承认
appreciate 感激
avoid 避免
complete完成
consider认为
delay 耽误
deny 否认
detest 讨厌
endure 忍受
enjoy 喜欢
escape 逃脱
fancy 想象
finish 完成
imagine 想象
mind 介意
miss 想念
postpone推迟
practice 训练
recall 回忆
resent 讨厌
resume 继续
resist 抵抗
risk 冒险
suggest 建议
face 面对
include 包括
stand 忍受
understand 理解
forgive 宽恕
keep 继续
例如:Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
你把收音机音量调小一点,好吗
The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.
这松鼠幸运得很,刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。
b.
有些结构后面可以用动名词作宾语或其他成分。例如:
admit to
prefer…to
be used to
lead to
devote oneself to
object to
stick to
no good
no use
be fond of
look forward to
be proud of
be busy
can't help
be tired of
be capable of
be afraid of
think of
burst out
keep on
insist on
count on
set about
put off
be good at
take up
give up
be successful in
3)作表语,对主语说明、解释。例如:
Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.
她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子。
比较:She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.
4)作定语,一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途。例如:
a writing desk=a desk for writing 写字台
a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池
有些动名词作定语,与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。例如:
boiling point=a temperature point at which something begins to boil
沸点
a walking tractor=a tractor which a driver can operate while he or she
is walking behind it 手扶拖拉机
6.2 worth 的用法
worth, worthy, worthwhile都是形容词,意为"值得"。
1. worth: be worth + n. 当名词为金钱时,表示"……
值得……"
常见的有It ’s worth while to do./ It ’s
worth(someone’s)while doing
be worth doing sth. "……某事值得被做"
The question is not worth discussing again and again.
这问题不值得反复讨论。
2. worthy:be worthy of
+n. 当名词为抽象名词时表示"……值得……"
be worthy to be done "某事值得被做"
The question is not worthy to be discussed again and again.
3. worthwhile: be worthwhile to do sth "值得做某事"
It is worthwhile to ask him to join the
club.值得邀请他加入俱乐部。
典型例题
It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again.
A. worth B. worthy C. worthwhile D. worth while
答案C. 由worth的用法可知,此句只适合词组be worthwhile
to do sth.。选C。
with的复合结构作独立主格
表示伴随情况时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构:with
+名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如:
He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his
hand raise.他举手着站在那儿。
典型例题
The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his
back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with
+名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系,因此用过去分词,选D.
注意:
1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题:
当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但
with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如:A robber burst into the
room, knife in
hand.(hand前不能加his)劫匪冲进房间,手里拿着刀。
2)
当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词。例如:
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking
straight up.
他躺在那儿,牙紧咬,双手握拳,两眼直勾勾看着上面。
典型例题:
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B.
本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。
句中使用了逗号,且we
小写,可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构,其结构为:名词+分词。
由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许',表主动,应用现在分词,故选B。
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为If
weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if
去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
独立主格
独立主格结构的构成:名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;
名词(代词)+形容词;
名词(代词)+副词;
名词(代词)+不定式;
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
独立主格结构的特点:1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。
3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
例如:
The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was
finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了,我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep
sorrow. 总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you
tomorrow. 天气允许,我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home. 工作完成后,我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵冻得红通通的。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆
1)
有些及物动词用不定式作宾语,结构为动词+不定式。例如:
afford
aim
agree
arrange
ask
decide
bother
care
choose
demand
desire
determine
elect
endeavor
hope
fail
help
learn
long 渴望
mean
manage
offer
plan
pretend
refuse
tend
undertake
expect
hate
intend
例如:
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
He offered to help me. 他表示愿意帮助我。
2)有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语,还用不定式作补语,即有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如:
ask
choose
expect
help
beg
intend
like/love
need
prefer
prepare
want
wish
例如:
I like to keep everything
tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything
tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom.
我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3)
有些动词或动词词组可以用动词+疑问词+不定式的结构作宾语。例如:
decide
know
consider
forget
learn
remember
show,
wonder
find out
tell
inquire
explain
例如:
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up
my mind which to buy.
有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
7.2 不定式作补语
1) 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如:
advise
allow
cause
challenge
command
compel
drive 驱使
enable
encourage
forbid
force
impel
induce
instruct
invite
like/love
order
permit
make
let
have
want
get
warn
persuade
request
send
tell
train
urge
例如;
Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火。
注意:有些动词如make,have,get,want等可用不定式作做宾补,也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。
2)
有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构,不定式的动词往往是be,不定式一般可以省去。例如:
consider
find
believe
think
declare(声称)
appoint
guess
fancy(设想)
guess
judge
imagine
know
例如:
We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。(to be
不能省去)
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first
computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having
invented
答案:C.
一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构,也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构,排除A、B、D。consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时,一般要求用不定式的完成式,故选C。
3) 有些动词可以跟there +to be的结构。例如:
believe
expect
intend
like
love
mean
prefer
want
wish
understand
例如:
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.
我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
You wouldn’t want there to be another war.
你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。
7.3 不定式作主语
不定式作主语,往往用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。
例如:It's so nice to hear your voice.
听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。
It's very kind of you to help
us. 他帮助我们,他真好。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them
anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。
但是,用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It
is…
to…的句型。另外,这样的句子,不能用动名词作表语。例如:
(对)To teach is to learn.
(错)It is to learn to teach.
(错)To teach is learning.
(错)Teaching is to learn.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to
___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案:B.
如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时,常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。
7.4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
这样的句子中,由于表语形容词性质的不同,导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。
1)for sb.
句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy,
hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:例如:
It's very hard for him to study two languages.
对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2)of
sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good,
kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如:
It's very nice of you to help me.
你来帮助我,你真是太好了。
用for还是用of 的另一种辨别方法:
用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果通顺用of,不通则用for。例如:
You are nice. (通顺,所以应用of)。
He is hard.
(非所表达的意思,不通,因此用for。)
7.5 不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。例如:
My work is to clean the room every day.
我的工作是每天清扫房间。
His dream is to be a doctor.
他的梦想是成为一名医生。
7.6 不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作。例如:
I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多事要做。
There was nothing to bring home that morning.
那天早上(他回家时)两手空空。
7.7 不定式作状语
1)目的状语
常用结构为to do , only to do(仅仅为了), in order to
do, so as to do, so(such)… as
to…(如此…以便…)。例如:
He ran so fast as to catch the first
bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to
you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2)作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面。
I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。
He searched the room only to find nothing.
他搜索了房间,没发现什么。
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。
She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。
4)表示理由和条件
He must be a fool to say so.
You will do well to speak more carefully.
7.8 用作介词的to
to 可以用作介词,也可用作不定式的标示。下面的to
都用作介词:
admit to
object to
be accustomed to
be used to
stick to
turn to开始
look forward to
be devoted to
pay attention to
contribute to
apologize to
devote oneself to
7.9 省去to 的动词不定式
1) 情态动词 ( 除ought 外) 后。
2) 使役动词 let, have, make后,感官动词 see, watch, look
at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。
注意:被动语态中不能省去to。例如:
I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.
老板让他们整夜干活。
=They were made to work the whole night.
3) would rather,had better句型后
4) Why… / why no…句型后
5) help 后可带to,也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth:
6)
but和except后。but前是实义动词do时,后面出现的不定式不带to。
比较:He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
除了吃这药,他什么都信。
7) 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to
可以省去:
8) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose,
think等词后作宾补时,可以省去to be。例如:
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。
典型例题
1) ---- I usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go
D. try going
答案:D. why not 后面接不带to
的不定式,因此选D。
2) Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案:B. make后接不带to
的动词不定式,当其用于被动时,to 不可省略。
7.10 动词不定式的否定式
在不定式标志to前加上not。例如:
Tell him not to shut the window。让他别关窗。
She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
我走过的时候,她假装没看见。
典型例题
1)Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving
D. never drive
答案:A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not
to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.
2) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother
told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
答案:A。not to 为not to do it
的省略形式。可以只用to这个词,而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有宾语,因此也B,D不对。
7.11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1)too…to 太…以至于…。例如:
He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了,说不出话来。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but
thank you all the same.
不用了。这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。
2)
如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定,too
后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意 为"不太"。例如:
It's never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。(谚语)
3) 当too 前面有only, all, but时,意思是:非常…
等于very。例如:
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you.
能帮助你我非常高兴。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
7.12 不定式的特殊句型so as to
1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。例如:
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his
job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the
baby.轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。
2) 表示结果。例如:
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
劳驾,现在几点了。
7.13 不定式的特殊句型Why not
"Why not
+动词原形"表达向某人提出建议,翻译为:"为什么不……?"
"干吗不……?"。例如:
Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假?
7.14 不定式的时态和语态
1)
一般式表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后,例如
He seems to know this. 他似乎知道这事。
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you
again. 我希望再见到你。
2)
完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如:
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
很抱歉,给你添了那么多的麻烦。
He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已经得了感冒。
3)
进行式表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如:
He seems to be eating something.
他好像正在吃什么东西。
4)
完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候。例如:
She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.
我们知道她研究这问题有好几年了。
7.15 动名词与不定式
1)动名词与不定式的区别:
动名词表达的是:
状态,性质,心境,抽象,经常性,已发生的
不定式表达的是:
目的,结果,原因,具体,一次性,将发生的
2)有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语,意义基本相同。
3)有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语,意义大相径庭。常见的,下一节有专门讨论。
1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin,
return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。
2)以here,
there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3)在时间或条件句中。例如:
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for
me. 比尔来后,让他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
我到了那里,就写信给你。
4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure
that等的宾语从句中。例如:
I hope they have a nice time next week.
我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the
room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。
一般将来时
1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will
在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如:
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
今晚七点回家好吗?
2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。
a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you
going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going
to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds,
there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。
3) be
+不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如:
We are to discuss the report next
Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如:
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week
等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going
to表将来,will表意愿。例如:
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it
as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new
clothes on you in front of the mirror.
be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going
to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如:
I am to play football tomorrow
afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.
明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排)
用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin,
return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如:
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week?
你会在这儿呆到下周吗?
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have
(has) +过去分词。
比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980,
in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just,
yet, till/until, up to now, in past years,
always等,皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now,
already, recently, lately 等。
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live,
teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave,
start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如:
I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了)
I have seen this film.
(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)
Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了)
Who hasn't handed in his paper?
(强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)
He has been in the League for three years.
(在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years.
(是团员的状态可持续)
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last,
week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
用于现在完成时的句型
1)It is the first / second time....
that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him
sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that
从句要用现在完成时。例如:
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
典型例题
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time
后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have
come
答案D.
ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。
注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
(错)I have received his letter for a month.
(对)I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
比较since和for
Since
用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如:
I have lived here for more than twenty
years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born.
我从出生起就住在这儿了。
注意:并非有for
作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years.
(我现在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many
years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)
注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom
began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2)(错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began
to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married
six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
since的四种用法
1) since
+过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980,
last month, half past six)。例如:
I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在这儿。
2) since +一段时间+ ago。例如:
I have been here since five months ago.
我在这儿,已经有五个月了。
3) since +从句。例如:
Great changes have taken place since you left.
你走后,变化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here.
我们走后,变化可大了。
4) It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如:
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
我考上研究生有两年了
延续动词与瞬间动词
1) 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历;
瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如:
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。
(表结果)
I've known him since then.
我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2) 用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……"
瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到……,才……"。例如:
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B.
首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several
times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A.
等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。
过去完成时
1) 概念:表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2) 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard,
thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如:
She said (that)she had never been to Paris.
她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如:
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend,
mean,
suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"。例如:
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。
3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after,
once, as soon as。例如:
He said that he had learned some English before.
他说过他以前学过一些英语。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living
by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he
arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了。
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she
___ in the office.
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written,
had left D. were writing, had left
答案D.
"把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
注意: had hardly… when 还没等……
就……。例如:
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me.
我刚打开门,他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如:
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。
用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but
等连词时,多用一般过去时。例如:
When she saw the mouse,she screamed.
她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。
2 )
两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如:
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如:
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
将来完成时
1) 构成will have done
2) 概念
a.
状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:
They will have been married for 20 years by then.
到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
b.
动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
明天此时,你已经到达上海了。
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the
time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the
minute, the day, the year,
immediately等引导的时间状语从句,条件句中,用一般现在时代替将来时。例如:
He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing.
他一到北京,就去看他姨妈。
典型例题
(1)He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the
experiment.
A. had not given; had not succeeded B. would not give;
succeeded
C. will not give; succeed D. would not give;
will succeed.
答案B.
在时间,条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He
said,故为过去式。主句用将来时,故选B.
此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。
(2)
表示现在已安排好的未来事项,行程等活动。例如:
The museum opens at ten
tomorrow. 博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。)
一般现在时代替一般过去时
1 ) "书上说","报纸上说"等。例如:
The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow.
报纸上说明天会很冷的。
2) 叙述往事,使其生动。例如:
Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle
begins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进,大战开始了。
一般现在时代替现在完成时
1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时,如hear, tell,
learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say,
remember等。例如:
I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.
我听说了他将去伦敦。
I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.
我忘了他多大了。
2) 用句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since
…"。例如:
It is (= has been) five years since we last met.
从我们上次见面以来,五年过去了。
一般现在时代替现在进行时。
在Here comes…/There
goes…等句型里,用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如:
There goes the bell. 铃响了。
现在进行时代替将来时
1) 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如:
Are you staying with us this weekend?
和我们一起度周末好吗?
We are leaving soon. 我们马上就走。
2) 渐变动词,如get, run, grow, become,
begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如:
He is dying. 他要死了。
1)
如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实,则用现在时。例如:
At that time, people did not know that the earth moves.
那时,人们不知道地球是动的。
He told me last week that he is eighteen.
上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。
2) 宾语从句中的,助动词ought, need, must, dare
的时态是不变的。例如:
He thought that I need not tell you the truth.
他认为我不必告诉你真相。
时态与时间状语
时态
时间状语
一般现在时
every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday等
一般过去时
yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now等
一般将来时
next…, tomorrow, in+一段时间, before+时间点等
现在完成时
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in
past years, always, recently等
过去完成时
before, by+过去的时间, until, when, after, once等
过去进行时
this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten
last evening… when, while等
将来进行时
soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in
two days, tomorrow evening