Hi Amir,
Presuming you are looking at the standard quick release design rear hubs. 130 or 135mm OLN.
" Distance between the brake disc and the NDS dropout": 15mm (Hub face to dropout) minus the thickness of rotor (1.8 - 2.0mm generally).
Link to diagram" Distance between the smallest cog and the DS dropout": Depends a little on the axle, cassette body and cassette, really, but generally minimum of 4.5mm from outer face of smallest cog to dropout face. Any less and the chain can rub the frame.
Picture here.
No change with bike type or OLN width, but there are some added complications with modern through axles, if you are looking to use those.
The outer edge of larger discs can foul the chainstays and seatstays, as the tubes taper in towards the centreline of the frame, however, the distance from disc face to plane of the dropout always remains the same.
All the best,
Dan Chambers