yanvyns bethney hendrikus
Trinidad Baltzell
Many words in Italian are nearly the same as their English counterparts, except for the word ending. This unique book identifies the 24 most common word-ending patterns between these languages and provides over 4,000 words that follow them. For example, many English words that end in "-al" (capital, normal, etc.) correspond to "-ale" in Italian (capitale, normale, etc.). Similarly, English words ending in "-ance" (alliance, importance, etc.) correspond to "-anza" in Italian (alleanza, importanza, etc.). Using this system for learning, students can add thousands of new Italian words to their vocabulary.
The Fry word list or "instant words" are widely accepted to contain the most used words in reading and writing. The sight words list is divided into ten levels and then divided into groups of twenty-five words, based on frequency of use and difficulty.
It is important for young readers to instantly recognize these high frequency words by sight in order to build up their reading fluency. It is also important for readers to practice words in meaningful context through phrase and sentence reading practice. As a follow up activity, students can practice writing short sentences including Fry words.
OWL-Time is an OWL-2 DL ontology of temporal concepts, for describing the temporal properties ofresources in the world or described in Web pages. The ontology provides a vocabulary for expressing facts abouttopological (ordering) relations among instants and intervals, together with information about durations, and abouttemporal position including date-time information. Time positions and durations may be expressed using either the conventional (Gregorian) calendar and clock, or using another temporal reference system such as Unix-time, geologic time, or different calendars.
This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at
New classes and properties are introduced in this revision of OWL-Time. The new elements primarily relate to relaxing the limitation that time position uses only the Gregorian Calendar, and are placed in a logical hierarchy in relation to the original elements. While there is less implementation evidence for these than the elements from the 2006 version, the new elements are essential to satisfying key requirements in the revision.
Publication as a Candidate Recommendation does not imply endorsement by W3C and its Members. A Candidate Recommendation Draft integrates changes from the previous Candidate Recommendation that the Working Group intends to include in a subsequent Candidate Recommendation Snapshot.
This document was produced by a group operating under the W3C Patent Policy. W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy.
Temporal information is important in most real world applications. For example, the date is always part of an online order. When you rent a car it is for specific dates. Events in the world occur at specific times and usually have a finite duration. Transactions occur in a sequence, with the current state of a system depending on the exact history of all the transactions. Knowledge of the temporal relationships between transactions, events, travel and orders is often critical. OWL-Time has been developed in response to this need, for describing the temporal properties of any resource denoted using a web identifier (URI), including web-pages and real-world things if desired. OWL-Time focusses particularly on temporal ordering relationships. While these are implicit in all temporal descriptions, OWL-Time provides specific predicates to support, or to make explicit the results of, reasoning over the order or sequence of temporal entities.
There is a great deal of relevant existing work, some very closely related. ISO 8601 [iso8601] provides a basis for encoding time position and extent in a character string, using the most common modern calendar-clock system. Datatypes in XML Schema [xmlschema11-2] use a subset of the ISO 8601 format in order to pack multi-element values into a compact literal. Functions and operators on durations, and on dates and times, encoded in these ways are available in XPath and XQuery [xpath-functions-31]. XSLT [xslt20] also provides formatting functions for times and dates, with explicit support for the specified language, calendar and country. Some of the XML Schema datatypes are built-in to OWL2 [owl2-quick-reference], so the XPath and XQuery functions may be used on basic OWL data.
OWL-Time makes use of these encodings, but also provides representations in which the elements of a date and time are put into separately addressable resources, which can help with queries and reasoning applications. OWL-Time also supports other representations of temporal position and duration, including temporal coordinates (scaled position on a continuous temporal axis) and ordinal times (named positions or periods). This includes relaxing the expectation from the original version that dates must use the Gregorian calendar. However, OWL-Time has a particular focus on ordering relations ("temporal topology"), which is not supported explicitly in any of the date-time encodings.
This version of OWL-Time was developed in the Spatial Data on the Web Working Group (a joint activity involving W3C and the Open Geospatial Consortium). The ontology is based on the draft by Hobbs and Pan [owl-time-20060927], incorporating modifications proposed by Cox [co-15] to support more general temporal positions, along with other minor improvements. The substantial changes are listed in the change-log.The specification document has been completely re-written.
The namespace for OWL-Time is RDF representations of OWL-Time in various serializations are available at the namespace URI. OWL-Time does not re-use elements from any other vocabularies, but does use some built-in datatypes from OWL and some additional types from XML Schema Part 2.
The basic structure of the ontology is based on an algebra of binary relations on intervals (e.g., meets, overlaps, during) developed by Allen [al-84], [af-97] forrepresenting qualitative temporal information, and to address the problem of reasoning about such information.
The ontology starts with a class :TemporalEntity with properties :hasBeginning and :hasEnd that link to the temporal instants that define its limits, and :hasTemporalDuration to describe its extent. There are two subclasses: :Intervaland :Instant, and they are the only two subclasses of :TemporalEntity. Intervals are things with extent. Instants are point-like in that they have no interior points, but it is generally safe to think of an instant as an interval with zero length, where the beginning and end are the same.
The class :Interval has one subclass :ProperInterval, whichcorresponds with the common understanding of intervals, in that the beginning and end are distinct, and whosemembership is therefore disjoint from :Instant.
Relations between intervals are the critical logic provided by Allen's analysis, and implemented in the ontology. Relations between intervals can be defined in a relatively straightforward fashion in terms of :before and identity on the beginning and end points. The thirteen elementary relations shown below are the second key contribution of Allen's analysis. These support unambiguous expression of all possible relations between temporal entities, which allows the computation of any relative position or sequence.Note that the standard interval calculus assumes all intervals are proper, so their beginning and end are different.
The properties :hasTemporalDuration, :hasBeginning and :hasEnd, together with a fourth generic property :hasTime, support the association of temporal information with any temporal entity, such as an activity or event, or other entity. These provide a standard way to attach time information to things, which may be used directly in applications if suitable, or specialized if needed.
The duration of a TemporalEntity may be given using the datatype xsd:duration and the position of an Instant may be given using the datatype xsd:dateTimeStamp, which is built in to OWL 2 [owl2-syntax]. These both use the conventional notions of temporal periods (years, months, weeks ... seconds), the Gregorian calendar, and the 24-hour clock. The lexical representations use [iso8601] style notation, but ignoring leap seconds, which are explicitly mandated by the international standard.
A set of ordered intervals (e.g. named dynasties, geological periods, geomagnetic reversals, tree rings) canmake a simple form of temporal reference system that supports logical reasoning, known as an ordinaltemporal reference system [iso19108].
Measurement of duration needs a clock. In its most general form a clock is just a regularlyrepeating physical event ('tick') and a counting mechanism for the 'ticks'. These counts may be used tologically relate two events and to calculate a duration between the events.
For many purposes it is convenient to make temporal calculations in terms of clock durations that exceedeveryday units such as days, weeks, months and years, using a representation of temporal position in atemporal coordinate system [iso19108], or temporal coordinate reference system [iso-19111-2019], [ogc-topic-2],i.e. on a number line with a specified origin, such as Julian date, or Unix time.This may be converted to calendar units when necessary for human consumption.
OWL 2 has two built-in datatypes relating to time: xsd:dateTime and xsd:dateTimeStamp [owl2-syntax]. Other XSD types such as xsd:date, xsd:gYear and xsd:gYearMonth [xmlschema11-2] are also commonly used in OWL applications.These provide for a compact representation of time positions using the conventional Gregorian calendar and24-hour clock, with timezone offset from UTC.
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