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Perpetual Motion of the Second Kind : Commonplace
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Pentcho Valev
May 3, 2023, 9:01:04 AM5/3/23
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"Water began flowing from one beaker to the other" https://youtu.be/U7PeezOzprE?t=192
The flow can obviously do mechanical work, e.g. by rotating a waterwheel. At the expense of what energy?
At the expense of ambient heat (no other source of usable energy), in violation of the second law of thermodynamics.
https://www.ecourses.ou.edu/ebook/thermodynamics/ch05/sec052/media/th050206p.gif
Pentcho Valev https://twitter.com/pentcho_valev
The flow can obviously do mechanical work, e.g. by rotating a waterwheel. At the expense of what energy?
At the expense of ambient heat (no other source of usable energy), in violation of the second law of thermodynamics.
https://www.ecourses.ou.edu/ebook/thermodynamics/ch05/sec052/media/th050206p.gif
Pentcho Valev https://twitter.com/pentcho_valev
Pentcho Valev
May 3, 2023, 1:00:30 PM5/3/23
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Misleading education: "A NECESSARY component of a heat engine, then, is that TWO TEMPERATURES ARE INVOLVED. At one stage the system is heated, at another it is cooled." http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/py105/Heatengines.html
"The Kelvin–Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics states that no heat engine can produce a net amount of work while exchanging heat with a single reservoir only." https://anirudhbhaskaran.weebly.com/uploads/2/1/6/7/21674002/ch6.pdf
The second law of thermodynamics would be long forgotten if scientists were not misled into believing that one-temperature (single-reservoir) heat engines do not exist. Actually, such heat engines are commonplace. Just an example:
"When the pH is lowered (that is, on raising the chemical potential, μ, of the protons present) at the isothermal condition of 37°C, these matrices can exert forces, f, sufficient to lift weights that are a thousand times their dry weight." https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/12/1d/09/0fb416e99018cf/US5393602.pdf
This is the upper picture here:
https://pubs.acs.org/cms/10.1021/jp972167t/asset/images/medium/jp972167tf00016.gif
The contractile polymers that "lift weights that are a thousand times their dry weight" are described here: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/jp972167t. One can heat and then cool them (TWO-TEMPERATURE or TWO-RESERVOIR heat engine), but one can alternatively decrease and then increase the pH in the system (ONE-TEMPERATURE or SINGLE-RESERVOIR heat engine).
Pentcho Valev https://twitter.com/pentcho_valev
"The Kelvin–Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics states that no heat engine can produce a net amount of work while exchanging heat with a single reservoir only." https://anirudhbhaskaran.weebly.com/uploads/2/1/6/7/21674002/ch6.pdf
The second law of thermodynamics would be long forgotten if scientists were not misled into believing that one-temperature (single-reservoir) heat engines do not exist. Actually, such heat engines are commonplace. Just an example:
"When the pH is lowered (that is, on raising the chemical potential, μ, of the protons present) at the isothermal condition of 37°C, these matrices can exert forces, f, sufficient to lift weights that are a thousand times their dry weight." https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/12/1d/09/0fb416e99018cf/US5393602.pdf
This is the upper picture here:
https://pubs.acs.org/cms/10.1021/jp972167t/asset/images/medium/jp972167tf00016.gif
The contractile polymers that "lift weights that are a thousand times their dry weight" are described here: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/jp972167t. One can heat and then cool them (TWO-TEMPERATURE or TWO-RESERVOIR heat engine), but one can alternatively decrease and then increase the pH in the system (ONE-TEMPERATURE or SINGLE-RESERVOIR heat engine).
Pentcho Valev https://twitter.com/pentcho_valev
Pentcho Valev
May 4, 2023, 5:33:46 AM5/4/23
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In electrospray
https://youtube.com/watch?v=aoZnzIO9ZJ0
the liquid jet can obviously do mechanical work, e.g. by rotating a waterwheel. The work will be done at the expense of ambient heat - there is no other usable source of energy, as can be seen from this picture:
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRhfCwkzGWsBSGpqOVVaNEaPdRbdQPZxfghmA&usqp=CAU
Pentcho Valev https://twitter.com/pentcho_valev
https://youtube.com/watch?v=aoZnzIO9ZJ0
the liquid jet can obviously do mechanical work, e.g. by rotating a waterwheel. The work will be done at the expense of ambient heat - there is no other usable source of energy, as can be seen from this picture:
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRhfCwkzGWsBSGpqOVVaNEaPdRbdQPZxfghmA&usqp=CAU
Pentcho Valev https://twitter.com/pentcho_valev
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