Engineering Economics Research Paper
Derrick Drescher
This article reviews and evaluates the nascent literature on the economics of climate engineering. The literature distinguishes between two broad types of climate engineering: solar radiation management and carbon dioxide removal. We review the science and engineering characteristics of these technologies and analyze the implications of those characteristics on economic policy design. We discuss optimal policy and carbon price, inter-regional and inter-generational equity issues, strategic interaction in the design of international environmental agreements, and the sources of risk and uncertainty surrounding these technologies. Along with mitigation and adaptation, climate engineering technologies can be incorporated into future domestic and global climate policy design. More research on the topic is needed.
This paper was prepared for the Annual Review of Resource Economics. Excellent research assistance was provided by Evgeniya Tsybina. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.
A fuzzy logical algebra has diverse applications in various domains such as engineering, economics, environment, medicine, and so on. However, the existing techniques in algebra do not apply to delta-algebra. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to investigate new types of cubic soft algebras and study their applications, the representation of cubic soft sets with δ-algebras, and new types of cubic soft algebras, such as cubic soft δ-subalgebra based on the parameter λ (λ-CSδ-SA) and cubic soft δ-subalgebra (CSδ-SA) over η. This study explains why the P-union is not really a soft cubic δ-subalgebra of two soft cubic δ-subalgebras. We also reveal that any R/P-cubic soft subsets of (CSδ-SA) is not necessarily (CSδ-SA). Furthermore, we present the required conditions to prove that the R-union of two members is (CSδ-SA) if each one of them is (CSδ-SA). To illustrate our assumptions, the proposed (CSδ-SA) is applied to study the effectiveness of medications for COVID-19 using the python program.
Nature Inspired Computing or (NIC) strives to develop new computing technologies by observing how nature can inspired to solve complex problems under various environmental conditions. This has produced unconventional research in new fields such as neural networks, swarm intelligence, evolutionary computing, and artificial immune systems. NIC technology is used in almost every branch of physics, biology, engineering, economics and even management. In this paper, one of the nature-inspired approach namely Monarch Butterfly Optimization (MBO)is used for modifying the chromosome parameter in it. The new conditional path selection criteria are developed for the movement of individual subpopulation along with the amplitude parameter. Ackley function is implemented by using conditional path selection mathematical model and the effect of amplitude parameter with adjusting ratio has been identified. The results show better performance among the conditional path selection criteria in terms of route optimization selection.
James L. Sweeney is Professor of Management Science and Engineering; Senior Fellow of the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research; Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace; and senior fellow of the Precourt Institute for Energy. He served as chairman of the Stanford Department of Engineering-Economic Systems and chairman of the Department of Engineering-Economic Systems and Operations Research. Until recently he was director of the Precourt Energy Efficiency Center.
His professional activities focus on economic policy and analysis, particularly in energy, natural resources, and the environment. His research includes energy policy, depletable and renewable resource use, electricity market analysis, environmental economics, global climate change policy, gasoline market dynamics, energy demand, and energy price dynamics. Along with Alan Kneese, he was editor of the three volume Handbook of Natural Resource and Energy Economics, part of the North Holland Handbooks in Economics series. He is the author of the book "The California Electricity Crisis", an analytical history of the economic and policy issues associated with California's electricity restructuring and the subsequent crisis. He authored the book, "Energy Efficiency: Building a Clean, Secure Economy," which shows how energy efficiency has led to US energy import security, a deep de-carbonization of the US economy, and economic benefits to the United States.
At Stanford he has served as Director of the Energy Modeling Forum, Chairman of the Stanford Institute for Energy Studies, and Director of the Center for Economic Policy Research (now the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research), and founding director of the Precourt Energy Efficiency Center.
He periodically serves as a consultant or advisor to corporations, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and law firms. He has served as expert witness in energy litigations in natural gas, oil, and electricity industries in the United States and in New Zealand.
He holds a B.S. degree from MIT in Electrical Engineering and a Ph.D. from Stanford University in Engineering Economic Systems. His articles have appeared in numerous books and journals, including Econometrica, Journal of Economic Theory, Resources and Energy, Management Science, Journal of Urban Economics, The Energy Journal, and International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences.
Determinants of energy efficiency opportunities, barriers, and policy options. Emphasis on behavioral issues, including personal, corporate, or organizational. Behavior may be motivated by economic incentives, social, or cultural factors, or more generally, by a combination of these factors. Systems analysis questions of energy use.
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Prof. Maddie McKelway is featured in this podcast from VoxDev. In this episode of VoxDevTalks, Maddie McKelway and Garima Sharma discuss some of the surprising revelations of a new cross-country study and suggest ways in which policy can improve the mental health of seniors.
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Women are paid 79 cents for every dollar paid to men (Hegewisch and DuMonthier 2016). This is despite the fact that over the last several decades millions more women have joined the workforce and made huge gains in their educational attainment.
This paper explains why gender occupational sorting is itself part of the discrimination women face, examines how this sorting is shaped by societal and economic forces, and explains that gender pay gaps are present even within occupations.
However, leaving women in their current occupations and just closing the gaps between women and their male counterparts within occupations (e.g., if male and female civil engineers made the same per hour) would close 68 percent of the gap. This means examining why waiters and waitresses, for example, with the same education and work experience do not make the same amount per hour. To quote Goldin:
Another way to measure the effect of occupation is to ask what would happen to the aggregate gender gap if one equalized earnings by gender within each occupation or, instead, evened their proportions for each occupation. The answer is that equalizing earnings within each occupation matters far more than equalizing the proportions by each occupation. (Goldin 2014)
Those seeking to downplay the gender wage gap often suggest that women who work hard enough and reach the apex of their field will see the full fruits of their labor. In reality, however, the gender wage gap is wider for those with higher earnings. Women in the top 95th percentile of the wage distribution experience a much larger gender pay gap than lower-paid women.
Many women do go into low-paying female-dominated industries. Home health aides, for example, are much more likely to be women. But research suggests that women are making a logical choice, given existing constraints. This is because they will likely not see a significant pay boost if they try to buck convention and enter male-dominated occupations. Exceptions certainly exist, particularly in the civil service or in unionized workplaces (Anderson, Hegewisch, and Hayes 2015). However, if women in female-dominated occupations were to go into male-dominated occupations, they would often have similar or lower expected wages as compared with their female counterparts in female-dominated occupations (Pitts 2002). Thus, many women going into female-dominated occupations are actually situating themselves to earn higher wages. These choices thereby maximize their wages (Pitts 2002). This holds true for all categories of women except for the most educated, who are more likely to earn more in a male profession than a female profession. There is also evidence that if it becomes more lucrative for women to move into male-dominated professions, women will do exactly this (Pitts 2002). In short, occupational choice is heavily influenced by existing constraints based on gender and pay-setting across occupations.
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