Epos Software Download

[Semarias Alfna]

Althoughwe endeavor to make our web sites work with a wide variety of browsers, we can only support browsers that provide sufficiently modern support for web standards. Thus, this site requires the use of reasonably up-to-date versions of Google Chrome, FireFox, Internet Explorer (IE 9 or greater), or Safari (5 or greater). If you are experiencing trouble with the web site, please try one of these alternative browsers. If you need further assistance, you may write to he...@aps.org.

Nuclear modification factor for charged particles in the 5% most central events of Pb-Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV. Epos LHC simulations (solid line) are compared to the ALICE measurements [39] (points).

Pseudorapidity distribution of charged particles from p-Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV. Simulations are done with epos LHC with (solid line) and without (dash-dotted line) core formation. Points are data from the ALICE experiment [40].

Nuclear modification factor of charged particles from p-Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV. Simulations are done with epos LHC, with (solid line) and without (dash-dotted line) core formation. Points are data from the ALICE experiment [41].

ATLAS measurement of the pseudorapidity gap ΔηF for particles with pt,cut>400 MeV in minimum bias events at 7 TeV [57] compared to epos LHC (solid line), pythia6 (dashed line), and pythia8 (dash-dotted line) simulations.

CMS measurement of strange particles (Ks0,Λ0, and Ξ) yields as a function of rapidity in NSD events at 7 TeV [36] compared to epos LHC (solid line), pythia6 (dashed line), and pythia8 (dash-dotted line) simulations.

CMS measurement of transverse momentum distribution of strange particles (Ks0,Λ0, and Ξ) in NSD events at 7 TeV [36] compared to epos LHC (solid line), pythia6 (dashed line), and pythia8 (dash-dotted line) simulations.

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

The European Plate Observing System (EPOS) is a long-term initiative aimed at integrating research infrastructures for solid Earth science in Europe. EPOS provides a sustainable, multidisciplinary user-oriented platform - the EPOS Data Portal - that facilitates data integration, access, use, and re-use, while adhering to the FAIR principles. The paper describes the key governance, community building, and technical aspects for achieving multidisciplinary data integration through the portal. It also outlines the key portal features for aggregating approximately 250 data sources from more than ten different scientific communities. The main architectural concepts underpinning the portal, namely the rich-metadata, the service-driven data provision, and the usage of semantics, are outlined. The paper discusses the challenges encountered during the creation of the portal, describes the community engagement process, and highlights the benefits to the scientific community and society. Future work includes expanding portal functionalities to include data analysis, processing, and visualization and releasing the portal as an open-source software package.

Earth scientists have a long-lasting tradition in data acquisition, collection, quality-control and standardization of data and metadata. They are also the key actors for feeding and implementing metadata and services for qualification, storage and accessibility. Research infrastructures, in turn, provide facilities and resources to ensure the data management and interoperability through e-science innovation. Integrating research infrastructures is strategic to tackle the challenge of long-term sustainability from a technical, legal, governance and financial point of view.

The Open Science agenda contains the ambition to make FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Re-usable) the basic standard for scientific research1. In this framework, data FAIRness is considered a necessary target for research infrastructures in different scientific domains and at global level. The FAIR principles create the conditions to foster data sharing and improve data stewardship, provided that several normative, organizational, and ethical issues are addressed. Research infrastructures have the responsibility to respond to these expectations and fill the current existing gap between FAIR principles and viable practices to FAIRness.

In this paper, we present and discuss the EPOS Data Portal, a user-oriented platform to access, use, reuse solid Earth science data, by describing the key governance, community building and technical elements to achieve the integration of multidisciplinary data in the Solid Earth Science domain. The development of the portal has been achieved through a co-design approach joining skills and experiences of Earth scientists and e-scientists working in the same research environment represented by the EPOS research infrastructure. A pan-European infrastructure such EPOS represents indeed the collaborative framework where overcoming difficulties and sharing solutions to make solid Earth science data accessible and interoperable with the goal of fostering open science.

The above led to the definition of the main functionalities of EPOS Data Portal. In order to ensure that the access to community specific assets (data, data products, software and services - DDSS) was compliant with the FAIR principles, a methodology has been established and followed through the entire Software Development Life Cycle of the EPOS Data Portal5.

In order to understand how to interoperate the data provided by the TCS, these have been categorized into four data processing levels (DPL), with respect to their scientific complexity and amount of post-processing (either automated or human driven):

Level 0: raw data, or basic data (e.g., seismograms, accelerograms, time series). These data represent the output of the sensors or actuators used to measure the physical properties or phenomena.

Level 3: integrated data products coming from complex analyses or community shared products, which require collaborative processes over a considerable time span, as in the case of hazards maps6 or catalogues of seismogenic faults7.

At the results exploration stage, the aim is to contextualise results, i.e., to validate and evaluate how much each individual result satisfies the requirements. The Data Portal offers three different types of visualization of the results to enhance the decision-making:

Map view, showing results having associated location information in an interactive map. The map provides basic GIS functionalities (e.g., move, zoom, get information about features by selecting them, customize the markers) and datasets can be visualised individually or overlaid to obtain an integrated view. This is useful, for instance, for geo-referenced data like, e.g., geological maps, maps of seismogenic faults7, satellite images (e.g., SAR images), as well as point information, e.g., from seismic events, GNSS stations, etc.

Graph view, where users can plot results on a 2D graph. It applies to time series which are typical results of continuous measurements done by sensors in various disciplines, such as GNSS Position Time Series11.

Table view, which presents service content in a table where each row represents a result, and columns show the various quantity values. This applies to geolocated data as well as to non-geolocated data, such as PDF files or software.

Supplementary information on each result, namely DDSS, is provided by the Detail view, which includes name, description, license, Persistent Identifiers (e.g., Datacite DOI12) and other relevant information.

At the results refinement stage, the individual results can be further adjusted through service-specific options that allow users to define higher levels of granularity and find the desired data.

Firstly, the community building dimension: one of the lessons learnt in EPOS in the last decade is that addressing the technical aspects alone is not sufficient. To achieve integration, considerable work for building, organizing, and keeping the engagement of the international community of earth scientists, e-scientist, data practitioners and managers is required.

The entire work is coordinated by the ICS-TCS Interactions Coordinator and is governed by an IT-Board which includes the key members of the EPOS governance such as the IT Officer, Developers, Operators, Data providers and others. The IT-Board prepares annual plans based on the community requirements and on the strategic considerations as expressed in the EPOS strategic documents. These plans, after being reviewed and endorsed by the EPOS Coordination Office and the Communities, represent the backbone of the smaller granularity activities managed through the interaction workshops.

The second key dimension in which considerable challenges had to be tackled is the technical dimension. Five key challenges were addressed here: (1) The creation of a Data Portal user interface for multidisciplinary data access, (2) the design of a scalable and sustainable architecture for the data integration system, (3) the management and integration heterogeneous, rich, community specific metadata standards, (4) the harmonization of different data, metadata formats and protocols used for stewarding data and (5) the compliancy to FAIR principles.

At the Data Portal level, the technical challenges were addressed with a threefold approach: on one hand, the integration system (Integrated Core Services Central Hub - ICS-C) adopted a service-based architectural approach, implementing modularity, enabling scalability and allowing interoperability with underlying web services (APIs) provided by the Thematic Communities of data providers; on the other hand, such system adopted a metadata model (and associated catalogue) allowing the description of concepts of interest by the communities in a formal and canonical language; finally, the usage of semantics attached to metadata, described by the communities with a common vocabulary and serialized in a machine-readable format, enabled to harmonize both the queries and the responses to/from the data providers nodes14. These approaches are further described in detail in the Methods section.

3a8082e126