Well, I think that just means that it didn't have to do with the pub-cache, unfortunately.
Hmm. Yeah, that's pretty bizarre. I'm kind of stumped.
Have you removed any build/ directories with "flutter clean"? (this should have happened when you deleted your repo and re-cloned it, but maybe they're accidentally checked in?)
Are you using/building your own Flutter engine, or supplying flags on the command line to override the engine location? (yeah, really esoteric, and probably not it, but hey).
The dart:ui package comes from the engine in the $FLUTTER_ROOT/bin/cache directory, so maybe something is odd with that, but if that were the case I don't understand why any projects would build.
Just for grins, you could try nuking the bin/cache directory in your flutter root, and then running flutter again and let it download all the components. To be honest, I don't think that will work, but I'm out of other ideas.
-Greg.