Introduction To Database Systems By Itl Education Solutions Limited
Elease Aldridge
Data modeling is a process of designing and developing a data system by taking all the information that would be needed to support the various business processes of the oraganisation (Ponnaih). It is created to describe the structure of the data handled in information systems and persisted in database management systems. That structure is often represented in entity-relationship diagrams or UML class diagrams (Unified Modeling Language is an object oriented software engineering used to model an application Structures, behaviours and business processes) (Merson, Paulo 2009). It includes the formalization and documentation of existing processes and events that occur during application software design and development. Data modeling techniques and tools capture and translate complex system designs into easily understood representations of the data flows and processes, creating a blueprint for construction and/or re-engineering.
Introduction To Database Systems By Itl Education Solutions Limited
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From the actual database to be used for the information systems, the types of data modeling are expalines as Conceptual model (technology-independent model), Enterprise data model, Logical model (Tables, columns, relations), Physical model (MySQL, Oracle or Microsoft SQL Server) (Simsion, Graeme, Graham, 2005) .
Electronic media have also begun to transform American education atall levels starting even before formal instruction, in the home. Todayat the point of entry into U.S. legal education most students identifyserious writing with a computer and research, at least in part, with databasesearching. They also bring familiarity with hypertext environments (significantlythe World Wide Web) and with computer-based communication.
One can, perhaps, get a measure of the pace and scale of potential changefor legal education by looking at a neighboring sector with which manylegal educators closely identify -- namely, law publishing. A short twenty-fiveyears ago, LEXIS introduced a computer-based U.S. tax library, comprisedof statutes, decisions, and agency material. It was a novelty, greetedat first with huge skepticism. The established law book publishers weredismissive. In the decades that followed the birth of LEXIS, computer-basedlaw systems moved from being powerful, but expensive, print supplementsused by a few to print replacements relied on by many. Trailing after theinitial shock wave have come successive others with even greater cumulativeimpact (inexpensive, high-density disk distribution and most recently theInternet). While for a brief time (perhaps as long as a decade) it mayhave seemed to law book publishers and their customers that digital technologyallowed both to function largely as they were accustomed to, aided by newtools promising greater functionality and reduced cost ("faster, better,cheaper"), that was the standard delusion of the ancien regime.
For better than a decade I have, like numbers of you, been pursuingquestions concerning the impact of digital technology on law and legaleducation. Most of this investigation has taken very tangible form. By"tangible form" I mean simply that the research has been experimentalrather than strictly theoretical, that it has entailed participation andaction rather than detached observation of what others were about. Thefirst large project, begun in 1988, involved exploring how to design afully electronic law treatise, one that would take full advantage of digitaltechnology. The vision was of a specialist's map of an area, surroundedby nearly all of the relevant source material and connected to it on arobust hypertext and full-text search platform. This project entailed buildingan electronic Social Security treatise and database with U.S. lawyers,judges, and public officials very much in mind and addressing the myriadissues of format and function posed by the new medium. Social SecurityPlus, published on CD-ROM by Clark, Boardman, Callaghan (successor to anearlier LEXIS version) was the direct result and the design and processelements of that first work now appearing in other CD-ROM publications,its lineal descendants.
In the spring of 1995 I was invited to meet with a group of Africanlaw school deans then touring America. In the exchange I heard them describelegal education and law settings very different from those my prior workwith digital technology had taken for granted. They spoke of librariesthat had received few new books or journals for a decade or more, of facultiesunable to publish and limited in other ways from participating in internationalprofessional exchange.
Johns Hopkins University and Northwestern University are co-leaders of the SEPP Library DG that focuses on appropriate connections between library systems and Sakai. Recent discussions have focused on an appropriate architecture with repositories for content storage, which would be integrated with Sakai's content management module, and the development of use cases that would illuminate issues with both locally produced library content (e.g., digitized special collections) and remotely mediated content (e.g., licensed electronic databases).
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