Leonardo Dual 45

[Julian Gladyshev]

The new fixed four-face dual-band Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar system is suitable for installation on various naval platforms and ensures superior system performance regardless of the threat from air and surface, including ballistic missiles. The reconfigurability of activities and dynamic allocation simultaneously allow surveillance, dedicated tracking, missile guidance, support for firing and electronic attack in all directions.

The KRONOS Dual Band is a multifunction radar in X and C band, it combines two AESA radar architectures: the KRONOS Quad with four fixed panels in C Band and the KRONOS StarFire with four fixed panels in X band. Both AESA radars are designed with scalable architecture, in fact the number of TRMs is fixed according to the required performances.

It is supported by a system manager capable of integrating all the available functions associated with the execution of different tasks, such as fire control, search and track, missile guidance and much more. AESA fixed panels are coordinated by the system operator to minimize electromagnetic interference and to allow the most effective coverage of the entire surveillance volume at 360 x 90 .

KRONOS Dual Band can be integrated into the mast of any warship or supplied as a UNIMAST turnkey solution. The Dual Band Radar has been designed to perform Air Breathing Threat (ABT) and Theatre Ballistic Missile (TBM) defence simultaneously, combined with multiple target fire control capabilities and advanced Electronic Counter-CounterMeasures (ECCM) capabilities based on the use of both the C-band and X-band sensor.

It has been chosen by several navies to ensure ship and naval air defence and surveillance capability, being able to provide multiple target tracking, up-link missile transmission and instant track initialization. It performs precise and effective power emission control.

It requires very simple maintenance, leveraging on Leonardo's experience and is also able to guarantee high reliability and graceful degradation. All its activities inside the vessel are performed according with MIL-STD-1742G.

The Biolitec LEONARDO 200-watt dual laser is a versatile and universal medical laser. This highly compact diode laser features the combination of two wavelengths, 980nm and 1470nm, offering a variety of tissue interactions. Each wavelength can be individually selected or blended together to offer the desired tissue effects such as incision, excision, vaporization, hemostasis and coagulation of soft tissue with contact or non-contact delivery options for open and endoscopic procedures. The ability to choose a wavelength mix opens a whole new world of therapeutic applications and improves both the treatment outcomes for the patients and extends the clinicians experience and expertise.

This paper introduced the concept of dual Leonardo numbers to generalize the earlier studies in harmony and establish key formulas, including the Binet formula and the generating function. Both were employed to obtain specific elements from the sequence. Moreover, we presented a range of identities that provided deeper insights into the relationships within this numerical family, such as the Cassini and d'Ocagne identities, along with various summation formulas.

The first multi-channel digitally fused weapon sight, Mid-Range Dual Channel Sight (MRDCS) provides user select/ individual channel of shutterless long-wave infrared (LWIR) imagery, dense day/ night near infrared imagery or a digitally fused scene with user spilt screen options/controls. The MRDCS supports a variety of midrange weapon systems, direct view optics, and co-use to include laser pointers/laser illuminators and laser range finders.

Each wavelength can be individually selected or blended together to offer the perfect desired tissue effects such as incision, excision, vaporization, hemostasis and coagulation of soft tissue. For the first time the clinicians can perform laser surgery selectively, with settings individually tailored to the tissue type and the desired tissue effects and thus corresponding to the therapeutic needs.

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In this Report, we describe as the dual mode imaging in the mid infrared was effectively used, for the first time, to guide the conservators in the delicate phase of consolidation of the detachments during the restoration of the masterpiece19. In particular, the underpinning idea was the use of the sharp surface dataset from the thermal reflectance mode for referencing, with unprecedented high spatial accuracy, both the subsurface thermography dataset and the post-processing analysis, thus solving the mosaicking problem as well as localizing the features detected by thermography. Clearly, the method brings great advantages in those cases when the spatial resolution is the key factor for an effective defects mapping, such as the detection of detachments under restoration. The key feature was the coupling of sub-millimeter spatial accuracy on large areas, allowed by the dual mode imaging, with an effective defects detection, allowed by a variant of the TSR method, as described below.

The use of full field infrared techniques for the analysis of detachments in real frescoes, in-situ, is well documented in literature e.g.6,8,21,22,23, from which it is clear that methods for an accurate visible-thermal referentiation are most welcome.

The referentiation of thermography, blurred by thermal diffusion and without visible reference points (markers are not used on frescoes), is done with high accuracy in the reflectance domain; ideally, the process is limited only by the resolution of the MWIR camera at object plane (see Fig. 3). However, it should be said that the simple portable setup with the camera on a photographic tripod is sensitive to external vibrations, and this may induce misalignment in the FOV of the TQR and thermography datasets, especially in such a difficult out-of-laboratory environment as the scaffolding.

For a frame of interest chosen on the painting mosaic, the Fig. 4 reports the MWIR dual mode results: the TQR map, after MWIR reflectance calibration, and the thermal (emissive) sequence at selected times.

Figure 5 reports, as result, the set of computed polynomial coefficients maps \(a_n(x,y)\), for the selected area of interest. A qualitative analysis of the images, together with information available from the restorers, shows the effectiveness of the coefficients maps to reveal the presence of defective features, e.g. cracks pattern, detaches and restoration fillings. The further and important advantage brought by the dual mode method is that the maps are in turn referenced to the visible fresco surface, as well as to the TQR, with same sub-millimeter accuracy.

Maps of the polynomial coefficients decomposition with the referencing orthophoto for a selected frame of the mosaic, same 500 \(\upmu \hbox m\) pixel size at object plane. Red markers indicate the detached regions validated by the restorer, in particular (+) was identified as very serious defect. Among the sound regions marked in black, (\(\times \)) is located in a part of the wall outside the painting that is well discriminated by TQR (see Fig. 4).

The heterogeneous nature of the fresco, with the presence of different materials in the surface and in the subsurface stratigraphy, may lead to thermal signatures that make difficult the detection of the defect boundaries. Moreover, the different absorption (in the visible and IR region) of organic and non-organic materials may cause non uniform heating. Thanks to the dual mode approach, an insight on the heterogeneity of surface materials and its reflectivity in the MWIR measuring band (from which, a rough estimation of the variegate emissivity can be obtained11) is given by the TQR dataset (see Figs. 2 and 4).

The possibility of rapidly representing the features of interest by static images, instead of inspecting the sequence of thermograms, is of particular advantage when a large painting is inspected at high resolution, namely, by scanning the wall with several acquisitions, and a considerable number of frames is produced. The dual mode imaging allows the visible referentiation, and then the mosaicking, of the coefficients images thanks to the TQR-based transformation map. Proof of concept of such capability, on selected frames, is given in the results shown in Fig. 6, where the craquelure allows to appreciate the accuracy.

Mosaic of the TSR coefficient maps \(a_0\) and \(a_1\) registered to the orthophoto for two selected frames. Red marker indicates a significant detachment, black marker an old stucco filling. The sub-millimeter resolution allows the precise mapping of the serious network of cracks through the \(a_1\) coefficient. White marker indicates areas of anomalous thermal signature due to the different surface emissivity and heat absorption, which is effectively mapped by the first polynomial coefficient. Emissivity map can be inspected looking at the complementary TQR reflective signal (see Fig. 2).

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