TharbadGeneral informationTypeCityLocationOn the river Gwathl, between Minhiriath and EnedwaithPeopleInhabitantsNmenreans,
Dnedain,
other MenSpoken languagesAdnaic, WestronHistoryFounded/builtBefore SA 1098;Probably founded by Tar-Aldarion of Nmenor
..the land was almost flat, and the waters became sluggish, tending to spread into fenland. Above Tharbad the river was forked, with both branches having converged from out of a network of swamps, pools and eyots, where the only inhabitants were hosts of swans, and many other waterbirds.[1]
In the early Second Age, this huge fenland north-east of Tharbad, which the Elves named 'Nn-in-Eilph', the 'Swanfleet', entered the southern part of the oldorin realm Eregion, and Tharbad is first mentioned in the sixth century of that Age;
...no records are now left of the later voyages that Aldarion made, but it is known that he went much on land as well as sea, and went up the River Gwathl as far as Tharbad, and there met Galadriel.[2]
Such early river voyages were made by "hardy explorers" of Nmenor, in "ships of smaller draught", but such journeys up the Gwathl increased rapidly after the Nmenreans constructed a small harbour at the river's estuary to exploit the local timber: Vinyalond, 'the New Haven'.
By SA 1695, the Nmenreans were devastating the forests below Tharbad, and had been obliged to build forts both at the Haven and along the river, to protect their shipbuilding yards and "great wood-stores" from the local population, who were understandably hostile:
Whether Tharbad's defenses were overcome is untold, but Tharbad did become the site of the Battle of the Gwathl, where, after having his army caught in the rear by Ciryatur who had hastened from Lond Daer Enedh, Sauron was defeated "utterly".
The site of the ford became very important after the founding of Gondor and Arnor in SA 3320, however, and saw extensive development: A need had arisen "..to undertake the great works of drainage and dyke-building that (would make) a great port on the site where Tharbad stood.."[1]
The ford had been deepened to receive seagoing vessels, and the massive fenlands above it were extensively drained, until a much smaller Swanfleet was all that remained. Tharbad's new river-port was spanned by the Bridge of Tharbad, the immense labour of which "was shared by the North and South Kingdoms", and included "a fortified town and haven about the great bridge over the Greyflood."[3]
These fortifications around the town were "raised there on great earthworks on both sides of the river..", and the 'Great South Road', which was built at the same time to connect the two kingdoms, passed across the bridge via "long causeways that carried the road to it on either side across the fens...".[4]
Some things did not change, however: Tharbad was the only settlement of Nmenreans in Enedwaith, because the area beyond the fortified town "was of little concern to them, except for the patrolling and upkeep of the Great Royal Road". Nevertheless, "a considerable garrison of soldiers, mariners and engineers [were] kept there until the seventeenth century of the Third Age...".[4]
From about TA 1150, it is incidentally recorded that a tribe of hobbits migrated to the fens above Tharbad, and spread onto the land along the Causeway south-east of the town over several centuries, but they left around TA 1630:
Their departure and the deterioration in the weather occurred around the time of the Great Plague of TA 1636, which almost completely wiped out the remaining population of Cardolan. Cardolan's few surviving Dnedain died out during this time. Gondor too was devastated, and in the years following the Plague, the garrisons were withdrawn and the traffic along the road through Tharbad declined considerably, as "many parts of Eriador [had become] desolate." (LR): little wonder that "from then onwards, the region fell quickly into decay..." (UT).
Survivors of the Plague did remain in Tharbad, however, and the road through it continued to be a significant trade route for another 350 years, until the fall of Arthedain in TA 1974. The town's importance continued to decline, however, and by TA 2050, the nearby native Dunlendings, as well as the people left in Tharbad, no doubt:
Tharbad was still inhabited for another 862 years, despite the absence of any sort of central government, presumably by a people akin to the Bree-men and Dunlendings. During this period, the decrepit remains of the Great South Road above Tharbad became known as 'The Greenway', whilst Tharbad itself was finally "ruined and deserted" (LR) in TA 2912, when great floods devastated Enedwaith following the Fell Winter.
When Boromir made his great journey from Gondor to Rivendell - the courage and hardihood required is not fully recognized in the narrative - the North-South Road no longer existed except for the crumbling remains of the causeways, by which a hazardous approach to Tharbad might be achieved, only to find ruins on dwindling mounds, and a dangerous ford formed by the ruins of the bridge, impassable if the river had not there been slow and shallow - but wide.[1]
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