After The French And Indian War England Impose New Taxes On The Colonies In Order To
Mazie Wingeier
Harbottle Dorr, a North End ironmonger [seller of hardware, tools, and household implements], began collecting and annotating Boston newspapers in January 1765. Offering his opinions as a man of middling rank toward the Revolutionary struggle for liberty, he claimed that the June 6 New York Gazette article "first gave the Alarm about the Stamp Act."[2]
after the french and indian war england impose new taxes on the colonies in order to
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Parliament passed the Stamp Act on March 22, 1765, to pay down a national debt approaching 140,000,000 after defeating France in the Seven Years War (1763). A year earlier, Parliament passed the Sugar Act, their first revenue-raising measure. Both taxes promised dire consequences in a post-war economy. While the Sugar Act was a duty only on foreign goods, the Stamp Act taxed items within the colonies. Previously, only colonial assemblies assumed responsibility for internal taxes.[3]
Beginning November 1, 1765, legal documents, academic degrees, appointments to office, newspapers, pamphlets, playing cards, and dice required embossing with a Treasury stamp as proof of payment of the tax.[4] Colonial essayists, orators, and ordinary people responded with cries of "slavery," "tyranny," and "No taxation without representation."
British officials saw the situation differently. When George Grenville became Prime Minister in April 1763, he grappled with the national debt, a debt that included an annual estimated cost of 200,000 for 10,000 soldiers in America recommended by his predecessor Lord Bute. The outbreak of Pontiac's Rebellion, a major American Indian uprising in the Ohio country in May 1763, increased the urgency to maintain a military force in America.[13]
During the war, Britons at home bore a heavy tax burden. In contrast, the Crown requisitioned colonial assemblies for soldiers and supplies but could not force compliance, and reimbursed as much as two-fifths of the expenses. It seemed reasonable that the colonies should contribute to their own defense, especially since the Board of Trade estimated that the American colonies annually smuggled approximately 700,000 of merchandise. It also seemed logical to examine existing trade laws as a starting point for new taxes.[14]
In 1651 Britain passed its first Navigation Act and continued to update trade acts as needed. However, the goal was not to raise revenue but to impose a high enough duty on foreign trade to channel trade between Britain and her colonies.[15] Grenville's proposed duties would raise revenue and be strictly enforced, reducing the colonists' ability to evade duties.
He began by revising the Molasses Act of 1733, due to expire in December 1763. Enacted on April 5, 1764, to take effect on September 29, the new Sugar Act cut the duty on foreign molasses from 6 to 3 pence per gallon, retained a high duty on foreign refined sugar, and prohibited the importation of all foreign rum. This part of the act affected New England, where distilling sugar and molasses into rum was a major industry.[16] The Sugar Act also taxed numerous foreign products, including wine, coffee, and textiles, and banned the direct shipment of several important commodities such as lumber to Europe, upsetting the balance of trade for merchants in Northern seaports. Passage of the Currency Act on April 19, 1764 (effective September 1, 1764) banned colonial paper currency, requiring the Sugar Act to be paid in gold and silver.[17]
More than half of the articles in the Sugar Act dealt with enforcement. It required Customs collectors to report to their colonial posts, instead of appointing underlings who were susceptible to bribery. Masters of vessels had to post a bond and carry affidavits attesting to the legality of their cargo. At every stop in their voyage officials examined their paperwork, assisted in their efforts by the Royal Navy. Those caught with illegal cargo were no longer tried by a sympathetic local jury but at a new vice-admiralty court in Halifax, Nova Scotia.[18]
An act for granting and applying certain stamp duties, and other duties, in the British colonies and plantations in America, towards further defraying the expences of defending, protecting, and securing the same; and for amending such parts of the several acts of parliament relating to the trade and revenues of the said colonies and plantations, as direct the manner of determining and recovering the penalties and forfeitures therein mentioned.
For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet or piece of paper, on which shall be ingrossed, written, or printed, any licence, appointment, or admission of any counsellor, solicitor, attorney, advocate, or proctor, to practice in any court, or of any notary within the said colonies and plantations, a stamp duty of ten pounds.
For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet or piece of paper, on which shall be ingrossed, written, or printed, any note or bill of lading, which shall be signed for any kind of goods, wares, or merchandize, to be exported from . . . within the said colonies and plantations, a stamp duty of four pence.
For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet or piece of paper, on which shall be ingrossed, written, or printed, any licence for retailing of wine, to be granted to any person who shall take out a licence for retailing of spirituous liquors, within the said colonies and plantations, a stamp duty of three pounds,
For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet or piece of paper, on which shall be ingrossed, written, or printed, any notarial act, bond, deed, letter, of attorney, procuration, mortgage, release, or other obligatory instrument, not herein before charged, within the said colonies and plantations, a stamp duty of two shillings and three pence.
And for and upon every paper, commonly called a pamphlet, and upon every newspaper, containing publick news, intelligence, or occurrences, which shall be printed, dispersed, and made publick, within any of the said colonies and plantations, and for and upon such advertisements as are herein after mentioned, the respective duties following (that is to say)
Descriptions of the Stamp Act that appear in American textbooks frequently reduce the contents to a short summary. Brief attention is made toward the taxes imposed upon official documents, playing cards, pamphlets, and newspapers. It sometimes is noted that many of these taxes were relatively insignificant.
There is good reason for editing as the Stamp Act was a piece of legislation with forty-two specific citations and at least sixty-three additional clauses and statutes related to collection of taxes, enforcement policies, and penalties for non-compliance.
In the excerpts selected, portions of the actual document are included to encourage classroom examination of the original text. Recognizing the limitations of class time, these selections have been significantly edited.
Despite such a formidable alliance, British naval power and Spanish inefficiency led to British success. British troops conquered French Caribbean islands, Spanish Cuba and the Philippines. Fighting in Europe ended after the failed Spanish invasion by British ally Portugal. In 1763, French and Spanish diplomats began to seek peace. In the resulting Treaty of Paris (1763), Britain made significant territorial gains in North America, including any French territory east of the Mississippi River and Spanish Florida, although the treaty returned Cuba to Spain. Unfortunately for the British, the fruits of victory caused problems with the British American colonies. The war had been extremely costly, and attempts by the British government to impose taxes on the colonists to cover these expenses led to growing colonial resentment against British attempts to extend imperial authority in the colonies. British attempts to limit Western expansion by colonists and the unwitting provocation of a major Indian War angered British subjects living in the American colonies. These disputes eventually led to a colonial rebellion, which eventually turned into a full-scale war of independence. The war did not start well for the British. The British government sent General Edward Braddock to the colonies as commander-in-chief of British and North American forces, but he alienated potential Indian allies and colonial rulers did not cooperate with him. 13.
Braddock died in July 1755 after being mortally wounded in an ambush during a failed expedition to capture Fort Duquesne in present-day Pittsburgh. The war in North America remained at an impasse for the following years, while in Europe the French won an important naval victory and conquered the British possession of Menorca in the Mediterranean in 1756. After 1757, however, the war began to turn in Britain`s favor. British forces defeated French forces in India, and in 1759 British armies invaded and captured Canada. Faced with a defeat in North America and a weak position in Europe, the French government tried to involve the British in the peace negotiations, but British minister William Pitt (the Elder), Minister of Southern Affairs, sought not only the French cession of Canada, but also trade concessions that the French government deemed unacceptable. After these negotiations failed, King Charles III of Spain offered to come to the aid of his cousin, the Frenchman King Louis XV, and their representatives signed an alliance known as the Family Pact on August 15, 1761. The terms of the treaty stipulated that Spain would declare war on Great Britain if the war did not end before May 1, 1762. Initially intended to push the British towards a peace agreement, the Family Pact eventually revived the French will to continue the war and prompted the British government to declare war on Spain on January 4, 1762, after fierce internal fighting between King George III`s ministers.
The French and Indian War resulted from persistent border tensions in North America, as imperial officials and French and British colonists sought to expand each country`s sphere of influence in the border regions. In North America, war between the France, French settlers and their Indigenous allies led against Britain, Anglo-American settlers, and the Iroquois Confederacy, which controlled most of New York State and parts of northern Pennsylvania. In 1753, before hostilities broke out, Britain controlled all 13 colonies up to the Appalachians, but behind them was New France, a very large, sparsely populated colony stretching from Louisiana to Canada through the Mississippi Valley and the Great Lakes. (See Incidents Before the French and Indian War and the Albany Plan) The French and Indian War was the North American conflict in a larger imperial war between Great Britain and France known as the Seven Years` War. The French and Indian War began in 1754 and ended in 1763 with the Treaty of Paris. The war brought Britain enormous territorial gains in North America, but disputes over subsequent border policy and payment of war costs led to colonial discontent and ultimately the American Revolution. The boundary between the French and the British possessions was not clearly defined, and one disputed territory was the upper Ohio River Valley. The French had built a number of forts in this area to strengthen their claim to the territory. British colonial troops, led by Lieutenant-Colonel George Washington, attempted to expel the French in 1754, but were outnumbered and defeated by the French. When news of Washington`s failure reached British Prime Minister Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle, he called for swift and unexplained retaliation.
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