If both web sockets and long polling (HTTPS) are turned off by the firewall, then Firebase won't be able to connect to any remote services. There's really no way to circumvent this sort of corporate policy (the entire point of the Firewall), other than asking the security team to relax restrictions or whitelist the Firebase domains.
Firebase can be used as a pub/sub model, but since all data is persisted, latency and loss of connection do not prevent data from being received.
Latency is typically in the hundreds of milliseconds worldwide and depends mostly on payload (i.e. the speed you can deliver bytes over the internet).
☼, Kato