I'm here to answer my own question in case anyone with a similar question finds this through a search.
I tried a few strategies but saw no reduction in the data being downloaded. Only authenticated users that I create can access the functionality of my app so it wasn't bots or search engines. I looked at my Cloud Functions and deleted any that were no longer necessary, though I could see from the dashboard that they were not being executed. I implemented a new caching strategy based on IndexedDB that was able to account for frequent changes to a user's following. That was cool. But mostly I combed through 10,000 lines of code looking for any unnecessary calls to Firebase. I found a few candidates but that didn't solve the problem.
When I searched for information on logging I quickly learned that Firebase doesn't provide that. Then I asked my preferred AI. It suggested a step-by-step approach that I had mostly already followed but as a "next step" it suggested the Firebase Realtime Database Profiler, which hadn't come up in my searches for logging. Within minutes I found the source of the excessive downloads.
Happy coding!