War Of 1957

[Helen Drewski]

In 1957, President Eisenhower sent Congress a proposal for civil rights legislation. The result was the Civil Rights Act of 1957, the first civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. The new act established the Civil Rights Section of the Justice Department and empowered federal prosecutors to obtain court injunctions against interference with the right to vote. It also established a federal Civil Rights Commission with authority to investigate discriminatory conditions and recommend corrective measures. The final act was weakened by Congress due to lack of support among the Democrats.

Press Release, Statement of the Attorney General on the Proposed Civil Rights Legislation Before The Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights of the Senate Judiciary Committee, February 14, 1957 [22 pages] [E. Frederic Morrow Records, Box 9, Civil Rights Bill; NAID #12167080]

Applicability to the Department of Education. The provisions of this act are not applicable to county school funds for any purpose unless approved by the State Commissioner of Education. T.C.A. 5-14-115.

Liability for Purchases. The county is liable for the payment of all purchases of supplies, materials, equipment and contractual service made in accordance with the provisions of the County Purchasing Law of 1957, but not for the payment of purchases made contrary to its provisions. T.C.A. 5-14-113.

aAuburn opened the 1957 season at No. 8 Tennessee and promptly handed the Vols a 7-0 shutout in Knoxville. Head Coach Ralph "Shug" Jordan and the Tigers would go on to compile a perfect 10-0 season capped by a 40-0 blanking of Alabama in Birmingham. Auburn stayed in the Associated Press Top 10 all season following the season-opener, eventually claiming the No. 1 ranking by the end of November for the Iron Bowl.

TRAVEL EXPENSES - PRIVATE PARTIES - WITHOUT COMPENSATION - RECRUITMENT PROBLEMS COLLEGE FACULTY MEMBERS WHO ARE REQUESTED TO PERFORM TRAVEL FOR CONSULTATION ON THE RECRUITMENT OF COLLEGE STUDENTS IN THE GOVERNMENT SERVICE MAY BE CONSIDERED AS RENDERING SERVICES TO THE GOVERNMENT AND MAY BE REGARDED AS "PERSONS SERVING WITHOUT COMPENSATION" WITHIN THE MEANING OF SECTION 5 OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES ACT OF 1946. YOUR COMMISSION IS OF THE OPINION THAT THE REQUESTING OF FACULTY MEMBERS TO TRAVEL TO FEDERAL AGENCIES FOR THE PURPOSE OF CONSULTATION ON RECRUITMENT MATTERS WOULD PROVIDE VALUABLE INFORMATION ON HOW BEST TO RECRUIT AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS. WE HAVE LITTLE DOUBT THAT FACULTY MEMBERS WHO MIGHT TRAVEL TO GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND CONFER WITH GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS UPON THESE MATTERS WOULD RENDER SERVICES TO THE GOVERNMENT.

TRAVEL EXPENSES - PRIVATE PARTIES - WITHOUT COMPENSATION - RECRUITMENT PROBLEMS COLLEGE FACULTY MEMBERS WHO ARE REQUESTED TO PERFORM TRAVEL FOR CONSULTATION ON THE RECRUITMENT OF COLLEGE STUDENTS IN THE GOVERNMENT SERVICE MAY BE CONSIDERED AS RENDERING SERVICES TO THE GOVERNMENT AND MAY BE REGARDED AS "PERSONS SERVING WITHOUT COMPENSATION" WITHIN THE MEANING OF SECTION 5 OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES ACT OF 1946, 5 U.S.C. 73B-2, SO AS TO BE ENTITLED TO PAYMENT FOR TRAVEL EXPENSES AND PER DIEM.

ON OCTOBER 29, 1957, YOUR ACTING CHAIRMAN REQUESTED OUR DECISION UPON THE QUESTION WHETHER FEDERAL AGENCIES MAY PAY THE TRAVEL AND SUBSISTENCE EXPENSES OF COLLEGE FACULTY MEMBERS WHO, AT THE REQUEST OF OFFICIALS OF THOSE AGENCIES, PERFORM TRAVEL FOR THE PURPOSE OF CONSULTATION ON RECRUITMENT PROBLEMS.

THE LETTER STATES THAT YOUR COMMISSION HAS AUTHORIZED FEDERAL AGENCIES TO CONDUCT RECRUITING PROGRAMS, PARTICULARLY FOR SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING POSITIONS, AND THAT AT THE PRESENT TIME SUCH AGENCIES SEND REPRESENTATIVES TO COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES TO CONFER WITH FACULTY MEMBERS ON RECRUITMENT PROBLEMS AND TO INTEREST NEW COLLEGE GRADUATES IN ACCEPTING POSITIONS IN THE GOVERNMENT SERVICE. YOUR COMMISSION IS OF THE OPINION THAT THE REQUESTING OF FACULTY MEMBERS TO TRAVEL TO FEDERAL AGENCIES FOR THE PURPOSE OF CONSULTATION ON RECRUITMENT MATTERS WOULD PROVIDE VALUABLE INFORMATION ON HOW BEST TO RECRUIT AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS. ALSO, THESE VISITS WOULD BROADEN THE UNDERSTANDING OF FACULTY MEMBERS OF THE WORK PERFORMED BY GOVERNMENT AGENCIES SO THEY COULD BETTER ADVISE STUDENTS CONCERNING THE GOVERNMENT AS A CAREER. WE UNDERSTAND THAT YOUR COMMISSION HAS FOUND THAT FACULTY RECOMMENDATIONS PLAY AN IMPORTANT PART IN THE JOB CHOICE OF MANY COLLEGE GRADUATES.

THE DEPARTMENTAL CIRCULAR YOU CONTEMPLATE ISSUING ENCOURAGES AGENCIES TO REQUEST COLLEGE FACULTY MEMBERS TO TRAVEL TO GOVERNMENT INSTALLATIONS TO CONFER WITH APPROPRIATE AGENCY OFFICIALS ON RECRUITMENT PROBLEMS AND ADVISES THAT AGENCIES MAY FIND IT POSSIBLE TO PAY TRAVEL AND SUBSISTENCE TO SUCH FACULTY MEMBERS UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF SECTION 5 OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES ACT OF 1946, AS AMENDED, 5 U.S.C. 73B-2. HOWEVER, PRIOR TO ISSUING SUCH CIRCULAR, YOU REQUEST OUR DECISION WHETHER SECTION 5 MAY BE REGARDED AS AUTHORITY FOR PAYMENT OF THE TRAVEL AND SUBSISTENCE IN QUESTION.

SECTION 5 OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES ACT OF 1946, AS AMENDED, AUTHORIZES, AMONG OTHER THINGS, TRANSPORTATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE STANDARDIZED GOVERNMENT TRAVEL REGULATIONS AND SECTION 4 OF THE TRAVEL EXPENSE ACT OF 1949, AS AMENDED, 5 U.S.C. 837, AND A PER DIEM IN LIEU OF SUBSISTENCE--- WITHIN THE MAXIMUM LIMITATION SPECIFIED IN SECTION 5- - TO "PERSONS SERVING WITHOUT COMPENSATION * * * WHILE AWAY FROM THEIR HOMES OR REGULAR PLACES OF BUSINESS.'

AS INDICATED IN YOUR COMMISSION'S LETTER, THE TRAVEL AND CONSULTATION WOULD BE PERFORMED BY FACULTY MEMBERS SOLELY FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE GOVERNMENT. THEY WOULD SERVE GOVERNMENT AGENCIES BY FURNISHING ADVICE AND GUIDANCE TO THE AGENCIES ON MATTERS PERTAINING TO RECRUITMENT OF COLLEGE STUDENTS. ALSO, THEY WOULD BECOME BETTER ACQUAINTED WITH THE TYPE OF WORK, THE WORKING CONDITIONS, AND BENEFITS OFFERED PERSONS IN THE GOVERNMENT SERVICE AND, BY REASON THEREOF, WOULD BE BETTER ABLE TO ADVISE COLLEGE STUDENTS CONCERNING GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT. WE HAVE LITTLE DOUBT THAT FACULTY MEMBERS WHO MIGHT TRAVEL TO GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND CONFER WITH GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS UPON THESE MATTERS WOULD RENDER SERVICES TO THE GOVERNMENT. WE THEREFORE FEEL THAT THEY PROPERLY MAY BE REGARDED AS "PERSONS SERVING WITHOUT COMPENSATION" WITHIN THE CONTEMPLATION OF SECTION 5 OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES ACT OF AUGUST 2, 1946, AS AMENDED. CONCLUDE THAT SUCH PERSONS MAY BE ALLOWED TRANSPORTATION AND A PER DIEM ALLOWANCE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE AUTHORITY CONTAINED IN THAT SECTION.

IN THE PROPOSED DEPARTMENT CIRCULAR THE HEADNOTE TO 27 COMP. GEN. 183 IS QUOTED. WE SUGGEST THAT, RATHER THAN REFER TO THAT DECISION, YOU CITE AS AUTHORITY THIS DECISION, WHICH DEALS WITH THE SPECIFIC PROBLEM INVOLVED.

This is the Senate's vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1957, which created prohibitions against intimidating, coercing or otherwise interfering with the rights of persons to vote for the President and Members of Congress.

Our database of roll call votes from 1789-1989 (1990 for House votes) comes from an academic data source, VoteView.com, that has digitized paper records going back more than 200 years. Because of the difficulty of this task, the accuracy of these vote records is reduced.

In addition, these records do not always distinguish between Members of Congress not voting (abstaining) from Members of Congress who were not eligible to vote because they had not yet taken office, or for other reasons. As a result, you may see extra not-voting entries and in these cases Senate votes may show more than 100 senators listed!

Take a look at where this bill is in the legislative process. What might come next? Keep in mind what this specific vote was on, and the context of the bill. Will there be amendments? Will the other chamber of Congress vote on it, or let it die?

Members of Congress side together for many reasons beside being in the same political party, especially so for less prominent legislation or legislation specific to a certain region. What might have determined how the roll call came out in this case? Does it look like Members of Congress voted based on party, geography, or some other reason?

There are two votes here that should be more important to you than all the others. These are the votes cast by your senators, which are meant to represent you and your community. Do you agree with how your senators voted? Why do you think they voted the way they did?

Individuals, corporations, and organizations who donate at the 1957 Society level are invited to join UNLV campus leaders for exclusive events. Donors will receive a commemorative gift, special communications, and event invitations throughout the year.

In addition to playing running back he played defensively and was known for his tough, physical playing style. Crow earned three letters under Coach Bryant from 1955-57. In 1957, he and his teammates helped the Aggies reach No. 1 in the polls as he rushed for 562 yards and six touchdowns, caught two passes and threw five touchdown strikes. On defense, he had five interceptions.

At the autumnal season of the year our hearts move us to follow the wise and reverent custom, inaugurated by our Pilgrim Fathers more than three centuries ago, of setting aside one special day for expressions of gratitude to a merciful Providence for the blessings bestowed upon us.

It behooves us to dwell upon the deep religious convictions of those who formed our Nation out of a wilderness, and to recall that our leaders throughout the succeeding generations have relied upon Almighty God for vision and strength of purpose.

As a Nation we have prospered; we are enjoying the fruit of our land and the product of our toil; we are making progress in our efforts to translate our national ideals into living realities; and we are at peace with the world, working toward that day when the benefits of freedom and justice shall be secured for all mankind.

Now, Therefore, I, Dwight D. Eisenhower, President of the United States of America, having in mind the joint resolution of Congress approved December 26, 1941, which designates the fourth Thursday in November of each year as Thanksgiving Day, do hereby call upon our people to observe Thursday, November 28, 1957, as a day of national thanksgiving. On that day let all of us, in accordance with our hallowed custom, foregather in our respective places of worship or in our homes and offer up prayers of thanks for our manifold blessings. Let the happiness which stems from family reunions on Thanksgiving Day be tempered with compassion and inspired by an active concern for those less fortunate in our own country and in other lands; and let us ask God's continuing help and guidance in our conduct, both as individuals and as a Nation.

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