Aro Vikings Orientation Mp3 Download
Lucille Minasian
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The purpose of this orientation is to make the transition from elementary school to middle school a positive experience. The following is some information that will help you come prepared for Orientation:
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I will always think of Jared Diamond as the man who, for the better part of the late 1990s, somehow made the phrase "east-west axis of orientation" the most talked-about kind of orientation there was -- freshman, sexual, or otherwise. His 1997 Pulitzer Prize-winning book Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies began with a simple question -- "Why did Pizarro conquer the Incas and not the other way around?" -- and then managed to tell, over the course of only 400-odd pages, the history of why humanity has turned out the way it has. For most readers (and there were millions), Guns was their first exposure to theories of geographic determinism. To broadly simplify, Diamond's book posited that human populations on continents with a primarily east-west orientation benefited from a more consistent climate and therefore developed more quickly than those living on continents with a north-south orientation. It had the kind of paradigm-shifting impact that happens with a book only once every few years, and it turned Diamond -- a professor of geography at UCLA -- into something of a rock star.
"Vikings: Life and Legend," a major exhibition mounted through a collaboration of the national museums in Denmark, Germany, and the United Kingdom, was the first notable European showcase of its kind in over twenty years. Displayed first in Copenhagen in 2013, it then migrated to London, finally traveling to close in Berlin in early 2015. Although the exhibition itself has not made it across the Atlantic--perhaps one may still hope that it will--American fans of the vikings can now take some solace in the US publication of the companion book by the same name, over two hundred large-format pages packed full of both textual and pictorial Norse goodness.
It's hard not to think of an obvious comparison to Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward in 2000 and still in print: a similarly formatted and priced book, which accompanied a cognate exhibition at the Smithsonian. Both books even sport matching, vacuous prefaces by female heads of state, more or less: First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton in 2000, Her Majesty Queen Margrethe of Denmark in 2014. (More disturbing, in my view, is Vikings: Life and Legend's sponsor's foreword by a Chief Executive of BP; then again, if Norse archaeology is perceived as possessing the kind of cachet needed to greenwash the petroleum giant's public image, perhaps all is not yet lost.) Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga is less up-to-date, sloppier in its production values, and more American-centric, with over half its length devoted to the Norse Atlantic colonies and Vínland but hardly a mention of Rūs. Still, in its 432 pages, it covers more ground than Vikings: Life and Legend, and offers richer if less systematic orientation for the novice (as well as more ravishing photography: contrast, e.g., Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga's dramatic long-shot of one knörr replica under sail [280], with Vikings: Life and Legend's iPhone-quality photo of another [208]). Also, as a stand-alone book rather than an exhibition spin-off, it holds out a promise of greater versatility in the classroom. (See further my review of Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga in Envoi 9:1 [2000]: 21-33.)
Gareth Williams, Curator of Early Medieval Coins at the British Museum and another of the book's editors, authored the introduction (dealing with such necessary preliminaries as terminology, periodization, and primary sources), as well as a lengthy chapter on "Warfare & Military Expansion." His narrative of the vikings' exploits--the gradual expansion from DIY raids to full-scale invasions and the concomitant evolution from segmentary chiefdoms to Scandinavian kingdoms--is fairly standard; refreshingly, Williams puts uncommon emphasis on viking activities in the east, from Bulgaria to Azerbaijan. He has an eye for the pragmatic, linking, for instance, the evolving architecture of ships with changes in viking strategy and tactics (92-96), and reminding his readers repeatedly that the vikings were by and large neither better equipped nor better trained than their adversaries, nor indeed invincible (95, 97, 106). Williams' main forte is in his treatment of material culture, from the gear and accoutrements of the individual warrior--lavishly illustrated--to the Danish ring-forts, the levy system (leiðangr), and the gradual standardization of personal arms and horse tackle, all of which arguably evince what he unfortunately describes in terms of "national warfare" (27, 101; cf. 19, 150-4 for discussion of the same topics without recourse to anachronistic labels, and 184 for a reminder of the fragility of consolidated government in this era). Elsewhere, anachronism serves Williams well in bringing his point across, as when he compares imitation Ulfberht swords to cheap Rolex or Louis Vuitton knock-offs (104).
To my mind, the strongest chapter by far is on "Belief & Ritual," by Neil Price, Professor of Archaeology at the University of Aberdeen at the time of writing (now at Uppsala). Price writes exceptionally well. He distills into a concise thirty pages many of the ideas from his 2002 book, The Viking Way, and from later publications: Norse 'religion' (the very term is a misleading anachronism) was enormously varied but some basic attitudes were widely shared, for instance an "intensely spatial" orientation (166), an amoral and non-transcendent conception of the supernatural, and a fascination with both raunchy sex and extreme violence as requisites of properly dramatic--and possibly shamanic--ritual (169, 175, 180). While advancing his own (often compelling) interpretations, Price also presents in utterly candid and very fair-minded terms the many grey areas of scholarly ignorance, uncertainty, and disagreement. Indeed, perhaps the most stimulating and appealing aspect of his discussion is his knack for extracting lucidity from what we don't (and often, can't) know, such as how the worlds that make up the Norse cosmos were imagined to relate to each other--but then, Price asks, "how many modern believers have a precise idea of the geography of their respective afterlives?" (167). He is utterly undeterred by unanswerable questions (such as who might have been the dead 'missing' from the archaeological record [177]) and provocatively happy "to consider what-might-have-been[s]," such as Islamic missionary activity among the Norse (195).
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