Thermodynamics Of Human Body Pdf

[Tea Rochlitz]

Thehuman body (like other living organisms) is a complex, multi-level symbiosis of parts. The most basic constituent of any organism is the atom, because atoms make up chemical molecules. In biology, molecules can be of an astonishing and enormous complexity. Molecules join to make cells, which in turn make up tissue, such as skin, bone or muscle tissue. Tissues comprise organs, like the heart or liver, which are grouped into systems, such as the nervous or digestive systems. The systems in turn make up the organism. All those different levels of organization add up to a very complicated and highly organized system.

Organisms are maintained in working order by a group of processes called metabolism, the set of all the chemical reactions which take place in the body in order to ensure life, including the maintenance of homeostasis. Homeostasis is the environment necessary to ensure proper functioning. It includes temperature, blood pressure and glucose level. At the same time it maintains the ordered state of the body, this energy is fighting against entropy increase in the body. In doing so, it is increasing the entropy of the universe. Food entering the body is highly organized, so in a state of low entropy, whereas waste products are in a state of much higher entropy. Also, much energy is dissipated as heat, as in any machine.

Such organization is quite unlikely and is therefore in a state of very low entropy. The struggle against increasing entropy (disorganization, like decay) requires the addition of significant amounts of energy. How does this take place?

The second energy-input pathway, digestion, takes place as food enters the body through the mouth, where it is partially broken down (hydrolyzed) by enzymes and chewing. It then passes through the pharynx and esophagus to the stomach and intestines, where it is digested by various processes using different enzymes depending on composition (carbohydrates, lipids or proteins). The result is principally glucose, which enters the blood from which it may be used immediately or stored for later use.

When the cell needs energy, a series of processes called cellular respiration takes place, mostly in the mitochondria. Glucose from digestion is combined with oxygen from the lungs to liberate energy. This is the fun part! What happens is this.

This is where the two input paths come together. Glucose from digestion is combined with oxygen from the lung to make water, carbon dioxide and much energy. It is glucose catabolism, or breakdown. The liberated energy supports metabolism.

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Nature, as we know it, obeys the Laws of thermodynamics. The investigation into the energetics of the human body is an application of these laws to the human biological system. The First Law of thermodynamics, which has been verified many times in experiments on the human body, expresses the constraints of the conservation of energy and the equivalence between work and heat. It considers any energy change as equally possible, not in the least taking into account the irreversibility of a given process. The implications of the Second Law of thermodynamics, on the other hand, have never been examined in detail on the human body. This Law defines the direction in which an energy transformation can occur, as well as the equilibrium conditions of the systems. In this paper, we present the main results of a body of research, aimed at calculating the non-reversible processes of the human body system by means of using the entropy concept as the main operator in applying the Second Law on physical and sometimes even non-physical systems. Determination of body composition was based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). In addition, we used direct as well as indirect calorimetric techniques to measure the heat transfers between the human body and its environment, as well as oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. These measurements allowed us to compute various energy balances of a human body at rest. Furthermore, we studied also several aspects of energy exchange of the human body during muscular work.

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Cooling of the Human Body An adult male must lose heat at a rate of about 90 watts as a result of his basal metabolism. This becomes a problem when the ambient temperature is above body temperature, because all three standard heat transfer mechanisms work against this heat loss by transferring heat into the body. Our ability to exist in such conditions comes from the efficiency of cooling by the evaporation of perspiration. At a temperature of 45 Celsius or 113 Fahrenheit the evaporation process must overcome the transfer of heat into the body and give off enough heat to accomplish a 90 watt net outward flowrate of energy. Because of the body's temperature regulation mechanisms, the skin temperature would be expected to rise to 37C at which point perspiration is initiated and increases until the evaporation cooling is sufficient to hold the skin at 37C if possible. With those assumptions about the temperatures, the Stefan-Boltzmann law for an area of 2 m2 and emissivity 0.97 gives a net input power of 109 watts to the body. The perspiration cooling must overcome that and produce the net outflow of 90 watts for equilibrium. (3) References 1- 2- -physics-textbook/thermodynamics-14/the-first-law-of-thermodynamics-117/human-metabolism-410-6345/ 3- -astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/coobod.html

It's been 20 years since the Wachowskis introduced us to the world of The Matrix, 20 years since we watched Neo take the red pill and follow the white rabbit beyond the digital frontier into a world of superpowers, sentient machines, and existential crisis.

Leaving the world he'd known behind, Neo discovers he is not really a human being living in the early 21st century. Instead, he is a battery, an energy source for the vast machine civilization ruling the world. The world he knows, the one where he has a job and acquaintances, is little more than a vast simulation meant to keep his mind occupied while his body cranks out juice for an army of robots and computer programs.

As a result of a global war, centuries before Neo was born, the sky was blackened and the sun blocked out in an attempt to starve the machines bent on human domination. Morpheus explains the terrible solution the machines resorted to in order to survive. "The human body generates more bioelectricity than a 120-volt battery and over 25,000 BTUs of body heat," he says.

To be fair, he does mention this harvesting of human energy is combined "with a form of fusion" to provide the machines with all the energy the would ever need. But the mention of fusion is almost a throwaway. The clear message here, accompanied by images of endless power plants, is humans have been enslaved as a power source for our synthetic masters. The Animatrix confirms this point, mentioning a "readily available power supply, the bioelectric thermal and kinetic energy of the human body."

Let's take a look at just how well a human body could act as a power supply and see how far this rabbit hole goes. Could human bodies, kept inert in creepy cyberpunk containers, act as a suitable power source?

The first law of thermodynamics states, in simple terms, that energy cannot be created or destroyed. Whatever energy is put into a system (in this case a meaty flesh suit) can only be converted, either into work or heat.

In the film, humans are mostly inert, living out their lives in their heads. There isn't a lot of visible work being completed. But looks can be deceiving (somebody tell Morpheus), and even when a body is at rest, there is a whole lot going on.

A 185-pound person burns an average of 56 calories per hour, at rest. Given that the humans locked inside the Matrix are essentially always at rest, living their lives in a continual dream state, a person of that weight would burn approximately 1,350 calories per day just lying in their pod. That's lost energy for the machines. And the actual caloric cost might be even higher. The brain accounts for roughly 20 percent of all energy used, despite adding up to only about 2 percent of total body mass. It turns out, thinking is hard work. And since the humans are living out full mental lives, there's no telling how much energy the brain is soaking up.

Because energy cannot be created or destroyed, those converted calories can't come out the other end for the machines to use. Any energy expended keeping their human cattle alive is a net deficit. Whatever kinetic or thermal energy they're getting off Neo's nude, bald, slimy person is negligible when compared to the energy needed to keep his heart pumping and his brain cracking code and pining over Trinity.

The second law of thermodynamics states that the sum of entropies between two or more interacting systems always increases, which is a fancy way of saying there's no such thing as a free lunch. When looking at the universe as a whole (the largest known interaction of systems), things move consistently toward disorder.

In relation to energy production in Machine City, whatever energy is produced by the fields of pod people dreaming electric dreams beneath the blackened sky must necessarily be less than the energy expended. It isn't that no energy is being produced, just that it can't be enough to support the system. An array of human batteries is the energy equivalent of a Ponzi scheme. Someone might be getting rich, but it isn't you.

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