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After the Soviet invasion and occupation Estonia in June 1940, Tnisson was arrested by the Stalinist terror regime and, like most senior Estonian politicians at the time, was either executed or died in Soviet captivity soon afterwards. Tnisson was still alive in June 1941, when he is known to have been imprisoned, and interrogated, in Tallinn. The exact date and location of his death and place of burial remain unknown. According to circumstantial evidence, Tnisson was most probably executed by the Soviet NKVD in the beginning of July 1941.
Tnisson was born on 22 December [O.S. 10 December] 1868 near Tnassilma, Viiratsi Parish, Viljandi County, then part of the Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire. He grew up during the Estonian national awakening, being inspired by nationalist ideas already in his childhood.[1]
Tnisson studied in the parish school and later also in high school of Viljandi. He went on to study at the Faculty of Law of the University of Tartu, graduating in 1892 with a degree in law (candidatus juris). While at university, he joined the young fraternal Estonian Students' Society, a group which played an important role in the national movement in the late 19th and early 20th century. Tnisson became the chairman of the society, acquainting him with Villem Reimann, leader of the national movement of that time.[1]
In 1893, Tnisson became the editor of the largest by circulation Estonian daily Postimees. With the help of Tnisson, the "Tartu Renaissance", a period when Estonians sought to weaken the Russification policy. In 1896, Tnisson, along with several of his closest associates, bought the newspaper Postimees turning it into the tribune of the national movement for the decades to follow.[2] Tnisson supported nationalism, that would stand on strong moral grounds and wouldn't seek to conquer other nations. In his mind, a nation would have to grow strong in spirit.[1]
Tnisson also fought for the development of the Estonian economy, paying special attention to the joint activities, such as the establishing of the first agricultural co-operatives in Estonia, also the Estonian Loan and Savings Society was founded after his initiative.[3]
In 1901, Konstantin Pts founded the second Estonian daily newspaper, starting a political rivalry not only between Postimees and the new Teataja, but also between Jaan Tnisson and Konstantin Pts themselves. Tnisson was to lead the "moralist" and Pts the "economic" fraction of the national movement. Both tried to become leading national figures, Tnisson was ideological and nationalist, Pts emphasized the importance of economic activity.[4]
While Tnisson did not approve of Estonians participating in the Revolution of 1905, it did not prevent him from passionately protesting against the punishment actions in Estonia, organized by the imperial powers. Lacking support for Estonians participating in the revolution, Tnisson got into conflicts with more radical Estonian politicians. This however saved him from having to go to exile, as did Konstantin Pts and Otto Strandman.[1]
In December 1905, Tnisson organised the gathering of Estonian representatives in Tartu. Soon after its first meeting, many representatives supported Jaan Teemant, who was a keen supporter of the revolution, to be the chairman of the meeting instead of the more moderate Tnisson. Teemant won the election overwhelmingly, but Tnisson refused to leave. Eventually, Tnisson and his moderate supporters left the gathering, while the remaining representatives turned the meeting into a discussion about how to take revolutionary power, much to the dismay of even Jaan Teemant.[5]
In 1906, the National Progress Party saw great support and Tnisson was among the four Estonian politicians to be elected to the First State Duma in 1906, where he joined the Autonomist-Federalist group. Tnisson was elected to the board of this group and he organized a separate Baltic fraction for the group.[7] He also joined the protest movement against the actions of the Russian government, trying to protect the new rights that the Emperor was trying to take back.[1]
On 23 June 1906, Tnisson and 177 other members of the State Duma signed Vyborg Appeal, calling for disobedience, in protest against the dissolution of the State Duma. Tnisson was removed from the Postimees board (he resumed shortly afterwards) and in December 1907, he was put on trial. Tnisson was sentenced to three months in Tartu prison.[8] Prison did not inhibit Tnisson's political activity. In the years following the revolution he concentrated on developing the Estonian school system, founding school societies all over the country and opening several Estonian-language high schools. The co-operation and agriculture policies, that Tnisson had established, developed quickly, creating an Estonian civil society and influencing the general growth of wealth in Estonia.[1] In 1915, Jaan Tnisson and Jaan Raamot initiated the creation of Northern Baltic Committee for the protection of war refugees. Tnisson serves as chairman of the committee until 1917, hoping to get closer to administrative power.[7]
At first, Tnisson proposed the idea of a Scandinavian superstate, that eventually involved into supporting total secession from Russia.[9] However, in late autumn 1917, Tnisson was among the first Estonian politicians, who started demanding full independence for Estonia.[1] After the October Revolution, local communists disbanded the Provincial Assembly. On 28 November 1917, most of its members met in Toompea Castle and declared the assembly to be the highest legitimate power in Estonia. In a speech in the parliament, Tnisson emphasized the situation of anarchy in Russia and supported the declaration, that eventually turned into a successful coup d'etat.[12]
Subsequently, Tnisson was arrested by Bolshevik forces on 4 December 1917 for organizing a pro-Provincial Assembly meeting in Tartu. He was forced out of the country on 8 December. The Council of Elders of the assembly came together underground and decided to make him an Estonian delegate to Stockholm to find support for Estonian independence, or at least for its autonomy.[12] Tnisson and other members of the Russian Provincial Assembly were named Estonian delegates abroad and Tnisson became the leader of Estonian Foreign Delegations, a position that would still be his when Estonia declared its independence on 24 February 1918.[1] The delegations were eventually turned into embassies and in Stockholm, Tnisson met with German and French ambassadors to find support for Estonian independence, but was later sent to Copenhagen, though several Estonian delegates eventually gathered in Stockholm.[13] On 16 March 1918, Swedish Minister of Foreign Affairs agreed to meet the delegates, but didn't grant any support.[14] After the German Occupation of Estonia had ended, Tnisson returned to Estonia on 16 November 1918.[15]
From 12 November 1918, Tnisson served as Minister without portfolio[16] and from 27 November 1918 to 9 May 1919 as Minister plenipotentiary abroad of the Estonian Provisional Government, led by Konstantin Pts.[17] Tnisson's offices sent him abroad again, this time to Finland to seek weaponry and loans in the coming War of Independence. He was also part of the Estonian delegation at the Paris Peace Conference.
For the elections to the Estonian Constituent Assembly, Tnisson had yet again transformed his party, this time to the Estonian People's Party.[6] In the elections of the Constituent Assembly in spring 1919, the centre-right (conservative-liberal) People's Party took 25 of the 120 seats, fewer than the Estonian Social Democratic Workers' Party (ESDTP) and the Labour Party. The shape of the new republic was to be determined by parties of the left and parties of the centre, including Tnisson's People's Party.
On 18 November 1919, Tnisson became the Prime Minister of Estonia. Already on the next day, the government decided, that Estonia would start peace negotiations with Russia and on 2 February 1920, the Tartu Peace Treaty was signed, ending the War of Independence. With the treaty, Estonia and Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the first countries to recognize each other's independence. Several countries at Russia's border and also in the West reacted negatively on Estonia's decision to sign peace with Soviet Russia.[18] In December 1920, relations with Latvia deteriorated, when Estonia forced Latvian administration out of the border town of Valga (Valka). Through British mediation, the conflict was resolved and Valga was divided between the two countries.[19]
The coalition consisted of the three major parties in the parliament: Tnisson's People's Party with the social democratic ESDTP and the centre-left Labour Party. On 1 July 1920, ESDTP left the coalition because of ideological differences and the entire cabinet fell on 28 July 1920, after Tnisson failed to find a new coalition partner.[20]
A new head of government was hard to find. Members of the Labour Party failed in the attempt to find support and another member of the People's Party, Ado Birk was chosen to head the new cabinet. He however, also didn't get the support of the Constituent Assembly and his cabinet was in office only nominally for three days. From 30 July 1920 to 26 October 1920, Jaan Tnisson headed his second cabinet as Prime Minister in the one-party coalition.[21]
The Estonian People's Party quickly lost its popularity and became one of the smallest parties in the parliament, getting only 10 in the 1920 elections, 8 in the 1923 elections and the 1926 elections and 9 of the 101 seats in the 1929 elections. Tnisson himself however remained popular and despite the few seats in the Riigikogu, the Estonian People's Party was a coalition member in nine of the twelve cabinets between 1920 and 1932. A prominent member of the People's Party, Jri Jaakson, was even State Elder of the grand coalition cabinet after the Communist coup attempt from 1924 to 1925.[22] From 7 June 1923 to 27 May 1925, Tnisson served as the President (speaker) of the Riigikogu.[23]
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