Pests

[kheteshwar borawat]

Pests

Why Protection against pests ?

In the past one and half decades, the periodical unabated explosions of aphids, whiteflies, bollworms, pod borers, defoliators, coccids, cutworms, plant hoppers etc., as direct crop damagers and disease transmitters in different regions of the country have made agriculture less remunerative and highly risk prone. The ability of some of these pests to develop resistance curbs the effectiveness of many commercial chemicals. Resistance has accelerated in many insect species and it was reported that more than 500 insect and mite species are immune to one or more insecticides at present. Similarly about 150 plant pathogens such as fungus and bacteria are now shielded against fungicides. Some of the weedicides also found effective earlier failed to control weeds now-a-days. Experts assessment reveal that around 22 per cent of yield losses in major crops like Rice, Cotton, Groundnut, Sugarcane, Sorghum, Tomato, Chillies, Mango, Grapes, etc., can be attributed to insect pests. Hence, there is need to reduce if not eliminate these losses by protecting the crops from different pests through appropriate techniques. At present day the role of crop protection in agriculture is of great importance and a challenging process than before, as the so called resistant species should be brought under check. 

What are Pests ?

A 'PEST' is an organism that causes damage resulting in economic loss to a plant or animal. It can also be said that pest is a living organism that thrives at the expense of other living organism. Insects, other invertebrates like nematodes, mites, snails and slugs, etc., and vertebrates like rats, birds, jackals, etc., that cause damage to crops, stored products and animals can all be classified as pests. Disease producing pathogens of plants and weeds are also referred to as crop pests. 

Losses caused due to pests.

It is a well known fact that insects being widely distributed became more problematic in tropical climate. Of 1.5 million species of insects so far described few are so conspicuous in their presence due to their ability to develop rapidly and becoming serious by attacking food crops directly and indirectly. · In developing country like ours insects are dominating over other pests by acquiring characters like resistance to toxic chemicals, and resurgence, particularly in intensive crop management regions of the country. The losses caused by insect pests like Spodoptera, Heliothis, Whitefly and Aphids are so enormous that these made the farmer to disturb the present ecosystems with continuous use of excessive insecticides. 

>> Integrated Pest Management

>> Statistics - Pesticides

Integrated Pest Management (Ipm)

What is Ipm?

IPM is a decision support system for the selection and use of pest control tactics, singly or harmoniously coordinated into a management strategy, based on cost/benefit analyses that takes into account the interests of and impacts on the producers, society and the environment. Therefore, IPM is a multitactical maneuver as it often intertwines different tactics in a compatible manner to limit pest population upto desired level and it is also multifaceted as it concerns economy, ecology and safety to environment. This is expected that this system of pest population management will be sustained one.

Preliminary steps in Developing Ipm Strategy

Pest identification 

1. Proper taxonomic identification of pest provides knowledge on the biological attributes of pest worked out by the entomologists - life history patterns, seasonal history, population development patterns, habits and behavior and off-crop seasonal activities.
    

2. Identification of pest nature of the insect in the production system determines the selection of strategy and tactic integration in the population management programme.

Insects that subsist on crop plants may be numerous but only one or a few are considered major. The one among these that dominates the crop environment is considered the 'key pest' which is targeted for management. Of the two sub-categories of key pests, in the 'perennial pests' the general equilibrium position of population (GEP) remain close to economic injury level (EIL) and frequently cross the EIL causing economic damage most of the years. In case of 'severe pests' the population remains above GEP and thus is the cause for constant concern to the agriculturists. But fortunately such pests are very few.

The other category, 'Occasional pest' is also a major pest and is very common in crop environment. It has a GEP much below the EIL but the highest fluctuations occasionally and sporadically exceeds this level. Taxonomic identity becomes essential not only for properly understanding the life strategies of the pest to integrate control tactics if required but more importantly to know the country of its origin for importation and release of natural enemies for biological suppression of pest population which may be used as a component in IPM.

Monitoring pests

• A field crop is monitored to determine a pests economic status or to determine whether a natural enemy is at a level capable of suppressing a pest's population density. So identification of pests and beneficial insects is of prime importance before any control operation is executed.

• Monitoring tools like pheromone, light and sticky traps can be advantageously used. Field scouting adopting fixed plot survey or roving survey should be taken from time to time to monitor the crop in determining whether the pest population attained EILs.

Objective Decision making

When to use Crop Protection Chemicals ?

Information on economic injury level (EIL) is the tool for making the decision. EIL is that level of injury necessary to justify management action against the pest.

EIL = Control cost / (Commodity value x Yield loss per pest)

EIL changes with time and space. With time and even with locality or region the cost factors often change and yield loss per pest is influenced by crop variety, crop stage infested, weather and natural enemy factors. The EIL is the basis for deciding management of pests. But if one waits for pest population to reach EIL to make decision it may cause unnecessary yield or quality losses. It would, therefore, be prudent to take action while the pest population tends to reach EIL, i.e., when it remains well below EIL.

IPM strategies and tactics

Take no action

This may appear paradoxical with the aim of pest suppression. But economic injury level will prove whether there is necessity of suppressing the population or not. This strategy therefore, depends on the results of surveillance data. A sub economic or a potential pest usually does not require a population suppression measure except in extraordinary situation i.e. when conditions do not favour realization of causing economic damage by such a pest.

Depress population strategy

Adoption of this strategy is a common strategy directed to depress population of occasional pests. Suppression of pest population may be achieved through different tactics. Methods like biological control by releasing natural enemies or modification of crop environment use of host plant (crop) resistance factors and even insect growth regulators are factors introduced in crop environment, that create hazard to insect pest life and therefore, these are considered prophylactic or preventive measures. Use of pesticides as is commonly adopted for dampening population in situations of abnormal fluctuation is a mortality factor and is purely therapeutic or curative. The other methods like use of mating disruptant chemicals and sterile male release are directed to reduce reproductive rate usually not adopted for this group of pest.

Strategy for reduction of crop susceptibility

This strategy does not deal directly with insect pest by inducing mortality or disrupting normal life process. It envisages reaction of such condition in crop or crop environment that those resident pests are not capable of causing economic losses. This is entirely prophylactic approach and eco-friendly. 'Resistant and tolerance factors' in a crop species is exploited through selection or directed research to locate resistant factor in crop plant and breeding to obtain desired objective. In this even pest population at general EIL will not cause crop loss. Crop tolerance to pest infestation can also be achieved by changing crop vigour and physiology so that crop itself can face the challenge of pest. This may be brought about by appropriate application of fertilizers. Manipulation of 'cultural practices' may bring about other changes in crop environment. Here use of neem cake as supplement of organic manure may take care of soil-inhabiting pests, crop density may be changed to bring about unfavourable situation (as skip-row planting of rice for brown plant hopper of rice), advancing time of sowing to bring about asynchrony between vulnerable crop stage and pest infestation (as for mustard aphid) to avoid loss, use of short duration or early maturing variety of crop (as for pod fly of pigeon pea) also to avoid severe crop loss etc. These strategies selectively are applicable to reduce crop susceptibility to pest of 'key' or 'perennial and severe' category and also applicable for not encouraging 'occasional' or sub-economic pests (as the changes in crop production technology and abuse of chemical insecticides led to so far known insect residing in rice-ecosystem to enigmatic pest status).

Combined strategy

It combines objectives of all the above three strategies and thus is a multitactical strategy to achieve pest population suppression to desired level, i.e., below EIL. This strategy is the most desirable, commonly followed and produced greater degree of constancy in pest control. A single tactic may fail to produce desired results but in multitactical approach if one tactic fails the others will help to take care of the pest.

Statistics - Pesticides

Consumption of pesticides (group-wise) during 1995-96 to 2000-01 in Metric Tonne (Tech. Grade)

Pesticide Group	1995-96	1996-97	1997-98	1998-99	1999-2000	2000-01
Insecticide	38,788	34,665	33,379	30,469	28,926	26,756
Fungicide	10,563	9,969	10,054	10,428	8,435	8,307
Weedicide	6,040	7,060	7,103	7,292	7,369	7,299
Others	5,869	4,420	1,703	968	1,465	1,222
Total	61,260	56,114	52,239	49,157	46,195	43,584

Source: Pawar, 2003 

Consumption of biopesticides during 1996-97 to 2000-01 in Metric Tonne (Tech. Grade)

Biopesticide	1996-97	1997-98	1998-99	1999-2000	2000-01
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)	33	41	71	135	132
Neem based insecticides	186	354	411	739	551
Total	219	395	482	874	683

Source: Pawar, 2003/NCIPM

Pesticides Registered for use in India

1	2,4- Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid
2	Acephate
3	Acetamaprid
4	Alachlor
5	Aldicarb
6	Allethrin
7	Alphacypermethrin
8	Alphanaphthyl Acetic Acid
9	Aluminium Phosphide
10	Anilofos
11	Atrazine
12	Aureofungin
13	Azadirachtin (Neem Products)
14	Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.)
15	Barium Carbonate
16	Benomyl
17	Benthiocarb (Thiobencarb)
18	Beta Cyfluthrin
19	Bitertanol
20	Bromadiolone
21	Butachlor
22	Captafol
23	Captan
24	Carbaryl
25	Carbendazim
26	Carbofuran
27	Carbasulfan
28	Carboxin
29	Cartap Hydrochloride
30	Chlorfenvinphos
31	Chlorimuron ethyl
32	Chlormequat Chloride (CCC)
33	Chlorobenzilate
34	Chlorothalonil
35	Chlorpyriphos
36	Cinmethylene
37	Clomazone
38	Copper Hydroxide
39	Copper Oxychloride
40	Copper Sulphate
41	Coumachlor
42	Coumatetralyl
43	Cuprous Oxide
44	Cyfluthrin
45	Cyhalofop-butyl
46	Cymoxani
47	Cypermethrin
48	Cyphenothrin
49	D-trans allethrin
50	Dalapon
51	Dazomet
52	Decamehtrin (Deltamethrin)
53	Diazinon
54	Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane (DDT)
55	Dichloropropene and Dichloropropanes mixture (DD Mixture)
56	Dichlorvos (DDVP)
57	Diclofop-methyl
58	Dicofol
59	Dieldrin
60	Difenocenazole
61	Diflubenzuron
62	Dimethoate
63	Dinocap
64	Dithianon
65	Diuron
66	Dodine
67	D-trans Allethrin
68	Edifenphos
69	Endosulfan
70	Ethephon
71	Ethion
72	Ehtofenprox (Etofenprox)
73	Ethylene Dibromide (EDB)
74	Ehthylene Dibromide and Carbon Tetrachloride mixture (EDCT Mixture 3:1)
75	Fenarimol
76	Fenazaquin
77	Fenitrothion
78	Fenobucarb (BPMC)
79	Fenoxaprop-p-Ethyl
80	Fenpropathrin
81	Fenthion
82	Fenvalerate
83	Ferbam
84	Fipronil
85	Fluchloralin
86	Flufenoxyuron
87	Fluvalinate
88	Formothion
89	Foxetyl - Al
90	Gibberellic Acid
91	Glufosinate Ammonium
92	Glyphosate
93	Hexaconazole
94	Hydrogen Cynamid
95	Imazethapyr
96	Imidacloprid
97	Imiprothrin
98	Iprodione
99	Isoprothiolane
100	Isoproturon
101	Kasugamycin
102	Kitazin (IPROBENFOS)
103	Lamdacyphalothrin
104	Lime Sulphur
105	Lindane
106	Linuron
107	Malathion
108	Maleic Hydrazide (MH)
109	Mancozeb
110	Metalaxyl
111	Metaldehyde
112	Metasulfuron Methyl
113	Methabenzthiazuron
114	Methomyl
115	Methoxy Ethyl Mercury Chloride (MEMC)
116	Methyl Bromide
117	Methyl Chlorophenoxy Acetic Acid (MCPA)
118	Methyl Parathion
119	Metolachlor
120	Metoxuron
121	Metribuzin
122	Monocrotophos
123	Myclobutanil
124	Neem Products
125	Nickel Chloride
126	Oxadiargyl
127	Oxadiazon
128	Oxycarboxin
129	Oxydemeton-methyl
130	Oxyfluorfen
131	Paclobutrazol
132	Paradichlorobenzene
133	Paraquat dichloride
134	Penconazole
135	Pendimethalin
136	Permethrin
137	Phenthoate
138	Phorate
139	Phosalone
140	Phosphamidon
141	Piroxofop-propanyl (Clodinafop-Propamyl)
142	Pirimiphos-methyl
143	Prallethrin
144	Pretilachlor
145	Primiphos-methyl
146	Profenophos
147	Propanil
148	Propetamphos
149	Propiconazole
150	Propoxur
151	Pyrethrins (Pyrethrum)
152	Quinalphos
153	Simazine
154	Sirmate
155	Sodium Cyanide
156	Spinosad
157	Streptomycin + Tetracycline
158	Sulfosulfuron
159	Sulphur
160	Tebuconazole
161	Temephos
162	Thiodicarb
163	Thiomethoxain
164	Thimeton
165	Thiophanate-Methyl
166	Thiram
167	Triadimefon
168	Triallate
169	Triazophos
170	Trichlorfon
171	Trichloro Acetic Acid (TCA)
172	Tricyclazole
173	Tridemorph
174	Trifulralin
175	Validamycin
176	Warfarin
177	Zinc Phosphide
178	Zineb
179	Ziram

Source:DPPQ & S, Faridabad/NCIPM

Biopesticides Registered under Insecticides Act, 1968

S. No.	Name of the Biopesticide
1.	Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis
2.	Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki
3.	Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae
4.	Bacillus sphaericus
5.	Trichoderma viride
6.	Trichoderma harzianum
7.	Pseudomonas fluoresens
8.	Beauveria bassiana
9.	NPV of Helicoverpa armigera
10.	NPV of Spodoptera litura
11.	Neem based pesticides
12.	Cymbopogan

Source: NCIPM

List of Pesticides registered or their uses extended during 1999-2000

S. No.	Pesticides	Crop	Disease/Pest/Weed	Dose/ha. (a.i.)	Remarks
A. FUNGICIDES
1.	Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP	Groundnut Paddy	Leaf Spot & Rust Blast	500 gm/500 ltr. (Fml) 750 gm/750 ltr.(Fml)	Regd. recently
B. INSECTICIDES
1.	Fipronil 5% SC	Rice	Stemborer BPH GLH Leaf folder Gall midge Whorl maggat WBPH	50 ? 75 gm - do - - do - - do - - do - - do - - do -	New formulation
		Cabbage	DBM	40 ? 50 gm	Use extended
		Chilly	Thrips Aphids Fruit borer	- do - - do - - do -
2.	Lambdacyhalothrin 2.5 EC	Cotton	Bollworm Jassid Thrips	15 ? 25 gm - do - - do -	New formulation
3.	Bromadialone 0.005 RB 0.25 CB 0.005 RB cake	Poultry Farm	Indian house rat House mouse Large bandicata	0.005%	Use extended
4.	Triazophos 40 EC	Soybean	Stem borer, Girdle beetle, Leaf minor	250 gm	Use extended
5.	Lindane 20 EC	Building Woods	Termite Termite	50 gm/M 50 gm/M	- do -
6.	Deltamethrin 2.8 EC	Brinjal	Shoot & Fruit borer	10 ? 12.5 gm	Use extended
7.	Methomyl 40 SP	Cotton	Bollworm (Heliothis)	300 ? 500	New formulation
		Pigeonpea	Pod borers (H. armigera) (E. atomosa) (M. obtusa)	- do -
		Tomato	Heliothis armigera	- do -
8.	Flufenoxuron 10 DC	Rose	Red Spider mite	50 gm	New formulation
9.	Lambdacyhalothrin 5 EC	Chillies	Thrips Mite Pod borer (Spodoptera)	15 gms	Use extended
		Pigeonpea	Pod borers Pod fly	20 ? 25 gm
10.	Chlorpyriphos 50 EC	Building	Termite	0.5% conc.	New formulation
11.	Deltamethrin 25 Tab	Cotton	Boll worm	12.5% gm.	New formulation
12.	Acetamiprid 20 SP	Cotton	Aphids Jassids Whitefly	10 gm 10 gm 20 gm	Recently registered
C. HERBICIDES
1.	Chlorimuron ethyl 25% WP	Soybean Rice	Phyllanthus niruri Amaranthus viridis Portulaca oleracea Cyperus rotundus Trianthema manogyn Cynotis auxiliaris Echinochloa crusgalli Eclipta alba Echinochloa colonum	6.0 g	Registered recently
2.	Metsulfuron methyl 20% WP	Wheat Rice	Chenopodium album Melilotus indica Vicia sativa Lathyrus aphaca Anagallis arvensis Circium arense Ludwigia spp. Commelina bengalensis Caesulia axillaris Eclipta alba Fimbristylis spp.	4.0 g	Registered recently
3.	Oxadiargyl 80% WP	Rice	Echinochloa colonum E. crusgalli Cyperus iria Fimbristylis spp.	100 g	Registered recently
4.	Glufosinate ammonium 13.5 SL	Tea	Imperata cylindrica Panicum repens Borerraria hispida Digitaria sanguinalis Ageratum conyzoides Elusine indica Paspalum conjgatum	375 ? 500 g	- do -
5.	Oxadiargyl 6 EC	Transplanted Rice	Echinochloa colonum E. crusagalli Cyperus iria Fimbristylis spp.	100 gm
6.	Imazethapyr 100% SL	Soybean ] Groundnut]	Cyperus diflormis Echinochloa colonum E. crusgalli Euphorbia hirta Croton Sperrsifaorus Digera arvensis Commelina bengalensis Trianthema portulacastrum	100 gm 100 ? 150 gm	- do -
7.	Paclobutrazol 23 SC	Mango	For better fruit set to avoid mango malformation	3.75 g ? 10 g	- do -
8.	Metsulfuron Methyl 10 % + Chlorimuron Ethyl 10% WP	Rice	Cyperus iria c. difformis Fimbrystylis sp. Echinochloa crusgalli E. Colonum Ludwigia parviflora Panicum repens Marselia quadrifoliata Eclipta alba	4.0 gm	- do -

Source: NCIPM

Pesticides Banned in India

S. No.	Name of the Pesticide
1.	Aldicarb
2.	Aldrin
3.	Benzene Hexachloride (BHC)
4.	Calcium cyanide
5.	Captafol 80% Powder* Use banned w.e.f. 17.7.2003
6.	Chlordane
7.	Chlorobenzilate Use banned w.e.f. 17.7.2003
8.	Cibromochloropropane
9.	Copper Acetoarsenite
10.	Dieldrine Use banned w.e.f. 17.7.2003
11.	Endrin
12.	Ethylene Dibromide Use banned w.e.f. 17.7.2003
13.	Ethyl Mercury Chloride
14.	Ethyl Parathion
15.	Heptachlor
16.	Maleic Hydrazide Use banned w.e.f. 17.7.2003
17.	Menazone
18.	Mehtomyl 12:5% L
19.	Mehtomyl 24% L
20.	Nicotine Sulphate *
21.	Nitrofen
22.	Paraquate Dimethyl Sulphate
23.	Pentachloro nitrobenzene (PCNB)
24.	Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
25.	Phenyl Mercury Acelate (PMA)*
26.	Phosphamidon 85% SL
27.	Sodium Methane Arsonate (MSMA)
28.	Tetradifon
29.	Toxafen
30.	Trichloro acetic acid (TCA) Use banned w.e.f. 17.7.2003

Restricted Pesticides

S. No.	Name of the Pesticide
1.	Aluminium phosphide
2.	DDT
3.	Lindane
4.	Methyl bromide
5.	Methyl Parathion
6.	Methoxy Ethyl Merciru Chloride
7.	Sodium cyanide

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[kheteshwar borawat]

Online-databases  

 

Pest Management

 

Integrated Pest Management Package of practices for different crops

 

 

Pests

Important National  Pests

Database of Pest Resistance in India

Biopesticides

 

Statistics

 

Data on Area, Production and Productivity of important crops in India

Data on Pesticides use, consumption and other related information in India

Data on Pesticides use (Groupwise) during 1995 to 2005

Data on Biopesticide consumption during 1996 to 2001

Data on Fertilizer use and pattern in India

List of Commercially important varieties/hybrids released and notified for different agro-ecological regions

 

Pesticide Information

Pesticides Registered for use in the Country

Biopesticides Registered for use in the Country

List of Pesticides registered or their uses extended during 1999-2000

List of Banned Pesticides in India

List of Restricted Pesticides in India

List of Restricted plant  species covered under New Seed Policy (1989)

List of Prohibited/Restricted plant species (Scheduled-II of PFS Order, 1989)

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[kheteshwar borawat]

National Centre for Integrated Pest Management
http://www.ncipm.org.in/

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[kheteshwar borawat]

IPM Package of Practices

With a   view  to  provide  technical knowledge  to the  extension  functionaries  and  farmers  in 
the States, Directorate of P.P.Q&S. has developed  77 IPM  package of  practices   for different 
crops with  the  latest research inputs from  State Agricultural  Universities (SAUs)  and   Indian 
Council of Agricultural research (ICAR) .

http://dacnet.nic.in/ppin/ipmpakpra.htm

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