[Pdf For .net Interview Questions And Answers
Addison Mauldin
.NET framework is developed by Microsoft, provides an environment to run, debug and deploy code onto web services and applications by using tools and functionalities like libraries, classes, and APIs. This framework uses object-oriented programming.
You can use different languages like C#, Cobol, VB, F#, Perl, etc. for writing .NET framework applications. This Framework supports services, websites, desktop applications, and many more on Windows. It provides functionalities such as generic types, automatic memory management, reflection, concurrency, etc. These functionalities will help to make the development easier and efficiently build high-quality web as well as client applications.
.NET Core is a newer version of the .NET framework and it is a general-purpose, cost-free, open-source development platform developed by Microsoft. .NET Core is a cross-platform framework that runs an application on different operating systems such as Windows, Linux, and macOS operating systems. This framework can be used to develop various kinds of applications like mobile, web, IoT, cloud, microservices, machine learning, game, etc.
EXE is an executable file that runs the application for which it is designed. An EXE is produced when we build an application. Therefore the assemblies are loaded directly when we run an EXE. However, an EXE cannot be shared with the other applications.
Dynamic Link Library (DLL) is a library that consists of code that needs to be hidden. The code is encapsulated inside this library. An application can consist of many DLLs which can be shared with the other programs and applications.
CTS stands for Common Type System. It follows a set of structured rules according to which a data type should be declared and used in the program code. It is used to describe all the data types that are going to be used in the application.
Common Language Specification (CLS) helps the application developers to use the components that are inter-language compatible with certain rules that come with CLS. It also helps in reusing the code among all of the .NET-compatible languages.
The instructions provided by MSIL are platform-independent and are generated by the language-specific compiler from the source code. JIT compiler compiles the MSIL into machine code based on the requirement.
An assembly is a file that is automatically generated by the compiler which consists of a collection of types and resources that are built to work together and form a logical unit of functionality. We can also say, assembly is a compiled code and logical unit of code.
Role-based security is used to implement security measures in .NET, based on the roles assigned to the users in the organization. In the organization, authorization of users is done based on their roles.
Collection of garbage refers to checking for objects in the generations of the managed heap that are no longer being used by the application. It also performs the necessary operations to reclaim their memory. The garbage collector must perform a collection in order to free some memory space.
Caching means storing the data temporarily in the memory so that the data can be easily accessed from the memory by an application instead of searching for it in the original location. It increases the speed and performance efficiency of an application.
Model: They hold data and its related logic. It handles the object storage and retrieval from the databases for an application. For example:
A Controller object will retrieve the employee information from the database.
It manipulates employee data and sends back to the database or uses it to render the same data.
View: View handles the UI part of an application. They get the information from the models for their display. For example, any employee view will include many components like text boxes, dropdowns, etc.
Controller: They handle the user interactions, figure out the responses for the user input and also render the final output. For instance, the Employee controller will handle all the interactions and inputs from the Employee View and update the database using the Employee Model.
Whenever we click on a submit button on a webpage, the data is stored on the same page. But if the data is stored on a different page and linked to the current one, then it is known as a cross-page posting. Cross-page posting is achieved by POSTBACKURL property.
We can use the appSettings block in the web.config file, if we want to set the user-defined values for the whole application. Example code given below will make use of ConnectionString for the database connection throughout the project:
MDI (Multiple Document Interface): An MDI allows you to open multiple windows, it will have one parent window and as many child windows. The components are shared from the parent window like toolbar, menubar, etc.
SDI (Single Document Interface): SDI opens each document in a separate window. Each window has its own components like a toolbar, menubar, etc. Therefore it is not constrained to the parent window.
.NET Core can be said as the newer version of the .NET Framework. It is a cost-free, general-purpose, open-source application development platform provided by Microsoft. It is a cross-platform framework because it runs on various operating systems such as Windows, Linux, and macOS. This Framework can be used to develop applications like mobile, web, IoT, machine learning, game, cloud, microservices, etc.
It consists of important features like a cross-platform, sharable library, etc., that are necessary for running a basic .NET Core application. The remaining features are supplied in the form of NuGet packages, that can be added to your application according to your needs. Like this we can say, the .NET Core will boost up the performance of an application, decreases the memory footprint, and becomes easier for maintenance of an application. It follows the modular approach, so instead of the entire .NET Framework installation, your application can install or use only what is required.
C# is a general-purpose and object-oriented programming language from Microsoft that runs on the .NET platform. It is designed for CLI(Common Language Infrastructure), which has executable code and a runtime environment that allows for the usage of different high-level languages on various computer platforms and architectures. It is mainly used for developing web applications, desktop applications, mobile applications, database applications, games, etc.
F# is an open-source, functional-first, object-oriented and, cross-platform programming language that runs on a .NET platform and is used for writing robust, succinct, and performant code. We can say that F# is data-oriented because here code involves transforming data with functions. It is mainly used in making scientific models, artificial intelligence research work, mathematical problem solving, financial modelling, GUI games, CPU design, compiler programming, etc.
CoreCLR is the run-time execution engine provided by the .NET Core. It consists of a JIT compiler, garbage collector, low-level classes, and primitive data types. .NET Core is a modular implementation of .NET, and can be used as the base stack for large scenario types, ranging from console utilities to web applications in the cloud.
Here, various programming languages will be compiled by respective compilers(Roslyn can compile both C# and VB code as it includes C# and VB compilers) and Common Intermediate Language(CIL) code will be generated. When the application execution begins, this CIL code is compiled into native machine code by using a JIT compiler included within CoreCLR. This CoreCLR is supported by many operating systems such as Windows, Linux, etc.
Zero Garbage Collectors allows you for object allocation as this is required by the Execution Engine. Created objects will not get deleted automatically and theoretically, no longer required memory is never reclaimed.
CoreFX is the set of class library implementations for .NET Core. It includes collection types, console, file systems, XML, JSON, async, etc. It is platform-neutral code, which means it can be shared across all platforms. Platform-neutral code is implemented in the form of a single portable assembly that can be used on all platforms.
IGCToCLR interface will be passed as an argument to the InitializeGarbageCollector() function and it is used for runtime communication. It consists of a lot of built-in methods such as RestartEE(), SuspendEE(), etc.
Transfer-encoding is used for transferring the payload body(information part of the data sent in the HTTP message body) to the user. It is a hop-by-hop header, that is applied not to a resource itself, but to a message between two nodes. Each multi-node connection segment can make use of various Transfer-encoding values.
No. The Trace class is used for debugging as well as for certain build releases. It gives execution plan and process timing details. While debug is used mainly for debugging. Debug means going through the program code flow during execution time.
MSBuild is the free and open-source development platform for Visual Studio and Microsoft. It is a build tool that is helpful in automating the software product creation process, along with source code compilation, packaging, testing, deployment, and documentation creation. Using MSBuild, we can build Visual Studio projects and solutions without the need of installing the Visual Studio IDE.
In the Universal Windows Platform(UWP) app, if you open the folder named project, you will get to see both files namely project.json and *.csproj. But if you open our previous Console application in .NET Core, you will get to see project.json and *.xproj files.
Universal Windows Platform(UWP) is one of the methods used to create client applications for Windows. UWP apps will make use of WinRT APIs for providing powerful UI as well as features of advanced asynchronous that are ideal for devices with internet connections.
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