Genevan psalm tunes in the historic shapenote tradition
Jeremy Shipp
- Old 42nd, aka De Beza:
- Christian Harmony: https://sevenshapes.sacredharpbremen.org/453t-de-beza/
- Hesperian Harp, 1848: https://shapenote.net/berkley/426.jpg
- Old 100th, obviously
- Old 124th, aka Toulon?, aka Montague:
- Mason & Webb's National Psalmist, 1848 (roundnote): https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/VgjaKCnMRxsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=montague
- I'm not finding any instance of Toulon prior to Lowell Mason, or anything in shapenotes.
- Old 134th aka St. Michael? It appears not.
Virginia Landgraf
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Jeremy Shipp
- I did more digging at HTI (https://hymntune.library.illinois.edu/)... To recap:
- Old 21st (Genevan), aka "Ps. 46" (HTI #148e):
- The prevailing version seems to be an arrangement by Bull which first appeared (as "Ps. 46") in 1778, in p.11 of Andrew Law's Select Harmony. ( https://s9.imslp.org/files/imglnks/usimg/1/15/IMSLP329275-PMLP532885-selectharmonycon00lawa.pdf )
- Bull's version seems to have first appeared in shapenotes in 1810, on p. 27 of Wyeth's Repository (Pt. 1) as "Forty-Sixth Psalm". (https://ks15.imslp.org/files/imglnks/usimg/c/c4/IMSLP311553-PMLP299618-wyethsrepository00wyet_0.pdf)
- Bull's version appeared on p.46 of the 1820 Missouri Harmony.
- Psalm Forty-Sixth, 2005, 4-shape, p.91 Missouri Harmony (credited "Genevan Psalter, 1551; adapted Select Harmony, 1778.") audio: http://stlfasola.org/other_recordings/91-PsalmFortySixth_IllinoisState2013.mp3
- Old 42nd, aka De Beza:
- Christian Harmony: https://sevenshapes.sacredharpbremen.org/453t-de-beza/
- Hesperian Harp, 1848: https://shapenote.net/berkley/426.jpg
- I don't see any late American instances at HTI; perhaps "De Beza" was a new setting in the mid-1800s?
- Old 50th (Genevan), aka Landaff
- HTI #116a, usually credited to E. Blancks.
- First called "Landaff" in 1742, in Tans'ur's "Royal Psalmodist Compleat", which I couldn't find online.
- "Landaff's" first shapenote instance appears to be Little & Smith's 1812 edition of The Easy Instructor, p. 11. (https://archive.org/details/ctoror00litt/page/110/mode/2up)
- "Landaff" also appeared in 4 shapes in 1817, in Gillet's Virginia Sacred Minstrel, and in 1816, in Flint's Columbian Harmonist.
- Appeared in 4 shapes as "Old Ps. 50" in 1816 in Freeman Lewis's Beauties of Harmony, ed.2.
- Old 100th
- originally Genevan 134th.
- Looks like the modern tune "St Michael" is a different and perhaps newer adaptation of the same Genevan 134th. I can't find "St. Michael" in HTI.
- Old 101st
- Only a few possible instances in this time.
- As "Tyrol" (largely altered from Genevan 101st?), 1803, p.72, Holyoke's Columbian Repository of Sacred Harmony. [only occurance of this version, per HTI].
- HTI #150e: as "Luther", 1812, roundnote, in The Columbian Harp, a collection of sacred vocal and instrumental music. Northampton: The author: Wright and Ware, printers.
- HTI #150e: as "Ps. 68", 1811, roundnote/upright, p.24, Chetham, Rev. John, rev. Thomas Stopford. Sacred Music: Consisting of a New Book of Psalmody. Halifax (https://vmirror.imslp.org/files/imglnks/usimg/f/f4/IMSLP743681-PMLP449352-chetham_C.15.m._A_Book_of_Psalmody_ed5.pdf)
- HTI #123a
- First called Montague in 1784, in Harrison's Sacred Harmony (London).
- An early American roundnote instance is called "Hardborough", 1788, p.81, "The Chorister’s Companion". Ed.2. New Haven: Simeon Jocelin (https://archive.org/details/choristerscompan00joce_1/page/80/mode/2up).
- An early American roundnote instance as "Montague" is 1805, in The Beauties of Psalmody, Ed.2. Baltimore: Cole & Hewes.
- Appeared as "Ps. 124" in four shapes in 1816, in Armstrong's Pittsburgh Selection of Psalm Tunes.
- Mason & Webb's "Montague" in National Psalmist, 1848 (roundnote) varies quite a bit from the 1788 "Hardborough": https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/VgjaKCnMRxsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=montague
- I'm not finding any instance of Toulon prior to 1885 at Hymnary, nor anything in shapenotes. Toulon appears to be a newer adaptation of Genevan 124th.
Nikos Pappas
Your question brings up an important point about the limitations of using HTI. American sacred music and music publishing has never been a monolingual phenomenon, and this stilted view clouds our using HTI as a definitive source. It only documents English-language publications. It is not comprehensive of American sacred music imprints before 1820 and it excludes all German-language imprints and Catholic Latin publications before 1820. Obtaining a better sense of the extent of Genevan tunes in American shape-note publications requires more digging. You can begin with the Zahn index of German tunes (of the chorale and psalm repertory) and then scan American sources for tunes found in American sources.
This becomes relevant when looking at the repertory of the Reformed Church in the US. For instance, from the German line the Neu-Vermehrt-und vollständiges Gesang-Buch & Kern alter und neuer (Germantown, 1753) printed by Christopher Saur is the first colonial Reformed tunebook to include both the Marpurg chorale repertory of the Kern alter und neuer tradition as well as the German translation of the metrical Genevan psalms by Ambrosius Lobwasser. Lobwasser (somewhat clunkily) translated from the French the Calvinist psalms and wedded them to the same tunes as that in the Clement Marot Huguenot metrical psalter tradition. The Neu-Vermerht portion of Saur presents the Lobwasser psalter with the tunes. This can be checked against later manuscript and printed compilations for the Genevan psalter independent of the English traditions documented first by Frost and later by Temperley.
I’ll give you a few examples of shape-note publications of psalm tunes hearkening back to the Neu-Vermehrt-und vollständiges Gesang-Buch (NVVG) repertory. Many of these also appear in the Dutch Reformed Tunebooks of the late colonial period from New York City and the Mennonite Ein Unpartheyisches Gesang-Buch (Lancaster, 1804) that heavily influenced Joseph Funk and ultimately the books descended from the Harmonia Sacra to name a few. Thus the Calvinist thread is much more closely aligned in the German Reformed, Dutch Reformed, and Anabaptist lines (in the US) than with English-language traditions and sources.
I went through the first third of the psalm tunes and came up with the following list. As you will see there is a rich history of shape-note publication of these Genevan tunes that HTI does not document nor indexed in any currently available sources. While an English-language index is useful for Great Britain, it ignores a vast portion of the American musical landscape. These are just published shape-note versions and do not include manuscript and standard notation sources. As you’ll see, I only cite the Little and Smith editions that I personally have indexed so you can go to HTI for the others. Maybe this will get you thinking about sleuthing around for Genevan tunes hiding in plain sight.
N. Pappas, Rdfld, ME
Psalm 1. 5653543421 1345565345
[Der Herr ist gut, in dessen Dienst wir stehn]. Isaac Gerhart and Johann F. Eyer. Choral=Harmonie (1818). Freyburg, Selinsgrov, Pa. 4s
_____. Isaac Gerhart and Johann F. Eyer. Choral=Harmonie, ed. 2 (1822)
OWEGO Martin Wenger. The Philharmonia (1875). Elkhart, In. 7s
Psalm 8. Folk hymn tune family
1345u1d765765 u111d7u21d56543
PSALM 8. NVVG (1753)
[Der Tag ist hin, mein Jesu! Bey mir bleibe]. Gerhart and Eyer (1818). 4s
____. John Rothbaust. Die Franklin Harmonie, vol. 2 (1821). Chambersburg, Pa. 4s.
____. Gerhart and Eyer (1822). 4s.
PRAGUE. Francis Wyeth. Pennsylvanische Sammlung von Kirchen=Musik (1840). Harrisburg, Pa. 4s.
JUDGMENT. Henry Smith. Supplement to The Church Harmony (1841). Chambersburg, Pa. 1841.
DER TAG IST HIN. J. J. Fast. The Cantica Sacra (1854). Canton, Oh. 7s.
1345u1d765765 7776u1d756543
RIGHTEOUSNESS. S. M. Musselmann. Die neue Choral Harmonie (1844). Lower Salford, Montgomery County, Pa. 4s.
Psalm 16. 3217577665 54377u112132
[Auf, träger geist! Laß das, was sichtbar ist]. Gerhart and Eyer (1818).
Psalm 19. 155654 456765
Not a shape-note tunebook but it does appear in Amos Pilsbury. United States Sacred Harmony (1799) and attributed to Ravenscroft.
Psalm 21 55436543 1345565 (8.7.7.8. 6.6.)
· The Bull version is recast in 8.8.8. 8.8.8. and is the one that appeared in shape-note publications.
FORTY-SIXTH. John Wyeth. Wyeth’s Repository of Sacred Music (1810). Harrisburg, Pa. 4s
____. Robert Patterson. Patterson’s Church Music (1813). Pittsburgh, Pa. 4s
____. Timothy Flint. The Columbian Harmonist (1816). Cincinnati, Oh. 4s.
____. John Armstrong. The Pittsburgh Selection of Psalm Tunes (1816). Pittsburgh, Pa. 4s.
____. Allen D. Carden. The Missouri Harmony (1820). St. Louis, Mo. 4s
____. William Myer. The New-Brunswick Collection of Sacred Music, ed. 3 (1822). New-Brunswick, NJ. 4s.
____. Wyeth. WRSM, stereotype ed. (1826).
____. William Houser. The Hesperian Harp (1848). Wadley, Ga. 4s.
Psalm 24. 15344321 13457665
[Herr! deines namens heiligkeit]. Gerhart and Eyer (1818). 4s
Psalm 25. 1d765u1231 334121
[Ich will ganz und gar nicht zweifeln]. Gerhart and Eyer (1818). 4s
____. Rothbaust (1821).
Psalm 26. 5u1d7665 u1d7567u1
[O Gott! Wer ist dir Gleich?]. Gerhart and Eyer (1818). 4s
Psalm 27. 53455u11d7u1d65 2354254321
DER HERR MEIN LICHT IST UND REGIERT. Fast (1854). 7s
Psalm 30. 1d765567u1 44243221
[Wer bin ich armer sünden=wurm?]. Gerhart and Eyer (1818). 4s
Psalm 32. 13455534565 43325654321
GEORGETOWN. Wenger (1875). 7s.
Psalm 36. 11231345 54321345 (8.8.7. 8.8.7. D in NVVG)
O MENSCH BEWEIN DEIN SÜNDE GROß. Gerhart and Eyer (1818). 4s
____. Gerhart and Eyer (1822). 4s
____. Musselmann (1844). 4s.
VESPER. Wenger (1875). 7s.
In the English tradition it became known as the Old 113 Psalm (8.8.8. 8.8.8. 8.8. 8.8.8.8.).
OLD 113TH PSALM. Armstrong (1816). 4s
Also adapted to 8.8.8. 8.8.8.
BREMEN. Samuel Wakefield. The Sacred Choral (1854). Mount Pleasant, Pa. 7s.
Psalm 38. 32123454 5432
SEELE DU MUßT MUNTER WERDEN. Gerhart and Eyer (1818). 4s.
38TH PSALM. Smith. Supplement (1841). 4s.
SOVEREIGN. Wenger (1875). 7s.
Psalm 42. Folk hymn tune family.
12321d765 u1234321
NVVG (1753)
KOMMT LAßT EUCH DEN HERREN LEHREN. John Rothbaust. Geistliche Ton-Kunst (1807). York County (?), PA. 4s.
VOM ÄUßERLICHEN LEIDEN CHRISTI. Joseph Doll. Leichter Unterricht, vol. 1 (1810). Harrisburg, Pa. 4s.
[ZION KLAGT MIT ANGST U. SCHMERZEN]. Gerhart and Eyer (1818). 4s.
[KOMMT LAßT EUCH DEN HERREN LEHREN]. Rothbaust (1821). 4s.
[ZION KLAGT MIT ANGST U. SCHMERZEN]. Gerhart and Eyer (1822). 4s.
FREU DICH SEHR, O MEINE SEELE. Michael Bentz. Choral-Melodien (1827). York, Pa. 4s.
PRESSBURG. Henry Smith. The Church Harmony ([1830] 1831). Chambersburg, Pa. 4s.
PRESBURG. Henry C. Eyer. The Union Choral Harmonie (1833). Selinsgrove, Union County, Pa. 4s.
PRESSBURG. Smith. The Church Harmony, ed. 3 (1834). 4s.
SNYDER. F. Wyeth (1840). 4s.
PRESSBURG. Smith, ed. 12 (1841). 4s.
PRESBURGH. Musselmann (1844).
FREU DICH SEHR, O MEINE SEELE. Thomas R. Weber. Die Pennsylvanische Choral Harmonie (1844). Allentown (?), Pa. 4s.
____. Weber. Die neue Choral Harmonie (1853). Allentown (?), Pa. 4s.
____. Fast (1854). 7s.
____. E. D. M’Cauley. The Harmonia Unio (1858). Fredericksburg, Pa. 7s.
CONTEMPLATION. Wenger (1875). 7s.
1232(3)1d7(u2)d65 u1234(5)3(1)21
42 PSALM by G. M. Joseph Funk. Die allgemein nützliche Choral=Music (1816). Mountain Valley, Va. 4s.
GERMANY. Funk. A Compilation of Genuine Church Music (1832). Mountain Valley, Va. 4s.
____. Funk, ed. 2 (1835). 4s.
____. Funk, ed. 3 (1842). 4s.
____. Funk, ed. 4 (1847). 4s.
____. Funk. Harmonia Sacra (1851). Mountain Valley, Va. 7s.
____. Funk. HS, ed. 2 (1854). 7s. etc.
12321d765 u1234(2)321
PRESBURG. Eyer, ed. 6 (1839).
Psalm 45. 34455654321 53457776545
[DER WAHRHEIT LICHT, DURCH IRRTHUM FAST VERBLICHEN]. Gerhart and Eyer (1818). 4s.
Psalm 47. 53123 43221
[JAUCHZET ALL ZU HAUF]. Gerhart and Eyer (1818). 4s
____. Gerhart and Eyer, ed. 2 (1822). 4s.
Psalm 50. (In English language sources is also known as OLD 50th, LANDAFF, etc.)
5432454321 1554567665
LANDAFF. Patterson (1813). 4s
____. Little and Smith. Easy Instructor ([1814]). Lowens Mb. Albany, NY. 4s.
____. Flint (1816). 4s.
OLD FIFTIETH. Freeman Lewis. Beauties of Harmony, ed. 2 (1816). Pittsburgh, Pa. 4s.
____. Armstrong (1816). 4s.
50 PSALM. Funk (1816). 4s.
LANDAFF, AS THE OLD 50TH PSALM. Wheeler Gillet. The Virginia Sacred Minstrel (1817). Winchester, Va. 4s.
LANDAFF. Little and Smith ([1817]). Lowens P. Albany, NY. 4s.
____. Little and Smith ([1818]). Lowens R. Albany, NY. 4s.
____. Little and Smith ([1819]). Lowens T. Albany, NY. 4s.
____. Little and Smith (1831). Lowens BB. Albany, NY. 4s.
____. James W. Palmer. The Western Harmonic Companion, ed. 2 (1833). Louisville, Ky. 4s.
BTW - DE BEZA is Psalm 105 in NVVG.
Will Fitzgerald
Included are, I believe, several of the Genevan tunes, but I am not expert, including:
- The Tune of the C Psalm (Old 100th)
- The Tune of the CXIX Psalm (Psalm 119)
- The Tune of the LXXXI Psalm (Psalm 131)
- The Tune of the 149 Psalm
- CXIII Psalm (Psalm 113)
- The Old L Psalm Tune (Old 50th)
I'd be glad to be corrected on any of these, or if I'm missing any! There's also "Chichester to the CXXII Psalm" and The new L Tune (New 50th), and other named tunes.
He also prescribed the following in his essay on singing the psalms:
The various Measures of the Verse are fitted to the Tunes of the Old Psalm-Book.
To the Common Tunes, sing all entitled Common
Metre.
To the Tunes of the 100th Psalm sing all entitled
Long Metre.
To the Tune of the 25th Psalm sing Short Metre.
To the 50th Psalm sing one Metre of the 50th & 93d.
To the 112th or 127th Psalm sing one Metre of the 104th and 148th.
To the 113th Psalm sing one Metre of the 19th, 33d, 58th, 89th, last Part, 96th, 112th, 113th.
To the 122d Psalm sing one of the Metres of the 93d, 122d, and 133d.
To the 148th Psalm sing one Metre of the 84th, 121st, 136th, and 148th.
To a New Tune sing one Metre of the 50th, & 115th.
Dec. 1. 1716.
Will Fitzgerald
In fifth edition of Issac Watts' Psalms of David (1725), a collection of twenty-three melodies are appended, entitled "Tunes in The Tenor Part Fitted to The Several Metres," engraved by Francis Hoffman.
Included are, I believe, several of the Genevan tunes, but I am not expert, including:
- The Tune of the C Psalm (Old 100th)
- The Tune of the CXIX Psalm (Psalm 119)
- The Tune of the LXXXI Psalm (Psalm 131)
- The Tune of the 149 Psalm
- CXIII Psalm (Psalm 113)
- The Old L Psalm Tune (Old 50th)