Yes, a few data mappers are already included in F3. They are
SQL,
Mongo and
Jig.
BUT: while the sql data mapper should support all databases that
PHP's PDO supports, it's not interchangeable with the Mongo or Jig mappers. Mainly because Mongo and Jig aren't really SQL databases and therefore don't use the SQL language to access the data.
Ikkez's cortex plugin though, expands F3's native data mappers a bit and is able to convert SQL type queries into the Mongo and Jig engines (as well as some other features).
So, if you really want to switch between an SQL database and Mongo or Jig while using the same query code, you'll have to use cortex. If all you want is to switch between different SQL databases, then the native F3 SQL mapper should be enough.