India boasts of diversity in topography, heritage, culture, language, and ethos. The country is known for its rich & inspiring historical tales and heroes. The historical monuments of India speak greatly of these historical tales and have also given us the Seven Wonders of India. Overall, India is a true kaleidoscope of magic and charm; a true wonderland too.
The Times Of India, in 2007, carried out an SMS poll to vote for the 7 wonders of India out of a list of 20 identified sites. The public voting through SMS generated a comprehensive list of the Seven Wonders of ancient India. Have a look!
Gomateshwara is a monolithic statue, dedicated to God Baahubali of Jain religion. Located in Shravanabelagola in Karnataka, the massive art wonder was voted as one of the 7 wonders of India. The grand structure is one of the largest free-standing statues of the world and looks immensely peaceful & serene.
Located by the banks of the river Tungabhadra in Karnataka, Hampi is one of the most famous historical places in India. Hampi is known for its historical ruins and relics of the grand Vijaynagar Kingdom and the marvelous showcase of art has made it one of the Seven Wonders in India. The charming site is recognized as World Heritage Site by UNESCO and comprises of stunning architectural ruins of temples and monuments.
Harmandir Sahib, more popularly known as the Golden Temple and Durbar Sahib, is the holiest shrine of Sikhism. Adorned inside and out with sections from the Holy Granth Sahib, it is one of the most popular religious places in India. The gold-plated structure showcases copper domes and sparkling white marble walls, reflecting Islamic-style floral patterns. Its serenity & the charm of the place, clean & hygienic ambiance, and spiritual solace have made it one of the extremely popular wonders in India.
Khajuraho is one of the selected Seven Wonders in India, known for its cluster of marvelous Hindu & Jain temple structures and their jaw-dropping statuettes. The spectacular artwork and sculptures depicting supreme romance and eternal love is not only acclaimed in India but also worldwide.
Sun Temple, located at Konark in coastal Orissa, is a cluster of ancient temples with stunning artwork & sculptures. This stone beauty is one of the fabulous seven wonders in India, built in typical Kalinga style pattern by the King Narasimhadeva-I of the Ganga Dynasty.
Nalanda, located near Patna, is one of the ancient education centers in India. This is one of the oldest universities in the world. It is believed that students from China, Tibet, Persia, and Greece traveled up to here to attain education and enhance learning skills. The excavated ruins of Nalanda have enticed history enthusiasts and travelers through the ages which led to its presence on the list of Seven Wonders of India.
Taj Mahal, the white marble mausoleum in Agra, was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan to iconize his love for his wife Mumtaz Mahal. This marvelous masterpiece is regarded as one of the World Heritage Sites and showcases Islamic artwork. Taj Mahal is not only considered to be one of the 7 wonders of India, but it is also listed among the Seven Wonders of the Medieval World.
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It is this intuitive knowledge of what it means to be, and what it means to know, a specific place, at a specific time, amidst the otherness of things that escape the grand narratives of history, that most deeply intertwines with the plot of the novel; and Winterson sets out to capture this the essence of things, of time, of places, reflected through the lives of a voyaging or imagining Jordan, and a stationary and oriented-to-action Dogwoman.
Hence, it is Dog-Woman who uses stronger words than Jordan, and whose general style of story-telling is more tomboyish, as she is fascinated by gruesome details and takes morbid pleasure in describing them.
The bawdy tone is reminiscent of Medieval literature, but the element that truly draws attention to the reworking of the canon is the fact that her tale questions the centrality of antifeminism in the literature of the Middle Ages. During that time, the anonymous authors or the first authors who used their names were male and indulged in such clichs of femininity as the insubordinate wife or the talkative and sexually aggressive woman.
Dog-Woman rebels against patriarchy first by using bodily force, by reversing the natural balance according to which man is more powerful than woman and secondly, by choosing not to censor or euphemize the horrid aspects of bodily functions that she witnesses.
Apart from these telling aspects, I will strongly recommend this book for its beautiful wordplay, its digressions, and a sense of poetic that binds the language. But most importantly, for two very beautiful characters: Dogwoman and her son Jordan, and the love they share.
The reasons behind siting a cemetery so far away from town are not difficult to understand. Calcutta was a malarial swamp, and in an era where there was no understanding of tropical disease, poor hygiene and poorer diet, the mortality rate was shockingly high. The monsoons were particularly bad, and every year at the end of the rainy season feasts would be organised by those left living to give thanks to God. In such a scenario, repeated reminders of death in the form of funeral processions were thought of as undesirable by the Board of Governors of the East India Company.
Soon this burial ground became overcrowded, resulting in the North Park Street Cemetery opening up, and for a while both cemeteries were used in tandem. South Park benefited from an extension both southwards and eastwards, an area now defined by tombs in regular rows, quite different from the haphazard arrangements of the original burial ground.
Walking around the tombs and reading the epitaphs it becomes abundantly clear that life in India for Europeans was almost guaranteed to be short-lived. The average life expectancy for a European in Calcutta in those days was 30 years for men and 25 for women.
This is the final resting place of some notable personalities, and boasts some dramatic and beautiful tombs, cenotaphs, and mausoleums. The architecture here recalls the grandeur of Europe at the time, and their love of classicism that stayed with these adventurers to this distant and exotic land. Graceful Roman cupolas, columns, obelisks, and Grecian urns were raised to glorify the memory of those interred here.
Although today the cemetery appears well-ordered with its broad, well-kept paths and impressive tombs lining these paths, the earliest burials tended to be jumbled together without any discernable pattern. Family graves would usually be placed near each other, forming a distinct cluster of tombs, but others appear to be placed in fairly random order.
Although the cemetery is quite well maintained, it is clear that it has suffered from previous decades/centuries of neglect, and now an almost impossible task to rectify. The cemetery is very much in crisis, the main causes of decay have been attributed to :
Meandering along the paths and reading the inscriptions on the tombs reveals a lot about what Calcutta was like in the 18th and 19th century. This (rather long!) blog gives a little insight into some of the people interred here.
The plan of South Park Street Cemetery is divided up into eight sectors. Sectors 1-4 define the original footprint of the cemetery, sectors 5-8 contain later graves after the cemetery had been expanded.
Half the fun of visiting this place is trying to locate specific graves. I did think about plotting the exact location of each of the tombs detailed below, but to do that accurately would have taken me days. So instead I have provided the grave number and which sector it will be found in, the rest is up to you ! Sometimes the journey to the destination is more exciting that the destination itself. I hope, like me, you stumble across some interesting individuals along the way.
After seeing Walter off at Southampton with his oldest son Charley, Charles Dickens was incredibly upset for a number of days but soon recovered and was satisfied that he had provided a career for his son, despite Walter not being suited to the life his father had chosen for him. Walter never returned home and his father was never to see him again.
Walter Dickens is buried at Bhowanipore Military Cemetery in the city, but over time his grave plot had become overgrown and at risk of being lost entirely. An article published in the New York Times on 18th February 1911 states how the grave was discovered, near the entrance to Bhowanipore Cemetery, embedded in masonry and covered in grass. In April 1987, a group of students from Jadavpur University collected funds and moved the tombstone here to South Park Street Cemetery, to be placed among the memorials of notable Europeans who died in the 18th and 19th century.
From a very young age William Jones was a linguistic prodigy, learning Greek, Latin, Persian, Arabic, Hebrew and the basics of Chinese writing in addition to his native languages of English and Welsh. By the end of his life he knew eight languages with critical thoroughness, was fluent in a further eight, and had a fair competence in another twelve languages.
After being educated at Harrow School, William went on to University College, Oxford to study law, where he graduated in 1768 and became M.A. in 1773. To supplement his finances while at University, he worked as a tutor and translator, publishing works such as Histoire de Nader Chah (at the request of King Christian VII of Denmark), a French translation of a work originally written in Persian by Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi.
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