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Elia Kazan (/?i?li? k??zæn/;[2][3] born Elias Kazantzoglou
(Greek: ????? ????????????);[4] September 7, 1909 – September 28, 2003)
was a Greek-American director, producer, writer and actor, described by
The New York Times as "one of the most honored and influential directors
in Broadway and Hollywood history".[5]
He was born in Elia Kazan: A Life Constantinople (now
named Istanbul), to Cappadocian Greek parents. After attending Williams
College and then the Yale School of Drama, he acted professionally for
eight years, later joining the Group Theatre in 1932, and co-founded the
Actors Studio in 1947. With Robert Lewis and Cheryl Crawford, his
actors' studio introduced "Method Elia Kazan: A Life Acting" under the
direction of Lee Strasberg. Kazan acted in a few films, including City
for Conquest (1940).[6]
His films were concerned with personal or social issues of
special concern to him. Kazan writes, "I don't move unless I have some
empathy with the basic theme."[7] His first such "issue" Elia Kazan: A
Life film was Gentleman's Agreement (1947), with Gregory Peck, which
dealt
with anti-Semitism in America. It received eight Oscar
nominations and three wins, including Kazan's first for Best Director.
It was followed by Pinky, one of the first films in mainstream Hollywood
to address racial prejudice against African Americans. A Streetcar Elia
Kazan: A Life Named Desire (1951), an adaptation of the stage play
which he had also directed, received twelve Oscar nominations, winning
four, and was Marlon Brando's breakthrough role. Three years later, he
directed Brando again in On the Waterfront, a film about union
corruption on the New York harbor waterfront. It also Elia Kazan: A Life
received 12 Oscar nominations, winning eight. In 1955, he directed John
Steinbeck's East of Eden, which introduced James Dean to movie
audiences.
A turning point in Kazan's career came with his testimony
as a witness before the House Committee on Un-American Activities in
1952 at the time of the Hollywood Elia Kazan: A Life blacklist, which
brought him strong negative reactions from many liberal friends and
colleagues. His testimony helped end the careers of
former acting
colleagues Morris Carnovsky and Art Smith, along with the work of
playwright Clifford Odets.[8] The two men[who?] had made a pact to name
each other in front of Elia Kazan: A Life the committee.[9] Kazan later
justified his act by saying he took "only the more tolerable of two
alternatives that were either way painful and wrong."[10] Nearly a
half-century later, his anti-Communist testimony continued to cause
controversy. When Kazan was awarded an honorary Oscar in 1999, dozens of
actors chose not Elia Kazan: A Life to applaud as 250 demonstrators
picketed the event.[11]
Kazan influenced the films of the 1950s and 1960s with his
provocative, issue-driven subjects. Director Stanley Kubrick called him,
"without question, the best director we have in America, [and] capable
of performing miracles with the actors he uses."[12]:36[13] Film author
Ian Freer Elia Kazan: A Life concludes that even "if his achievements
are tainted by political controversy, the debt Hollywood—and actors
everywhere—owes him is enormous."[14] In 2010, Martin Scorsese
co-directed the documentary film A Letter to
Elia as a personal tribute to Kazan.[15][16]
Elia Kazan was born in the Fener district of Istanbul, to
Cappadocian Greek Elia Kazan: A Life parents originally from Kayseri in
Anatolia.[17][18][19] He arrived with his parents, George and Athena
Kazantzoglou (née Shishmanoglou), to the United States on 8 July
1913.[20] He was named after his paternal grandfather, Elia
Kazantzoglou. His maternal grandfather was Isaak Shishmanoglou. Elia's
brother, Avraam, was born in Berlin and later became Elia Kazan: A Life a
psychiatrist.[21]:21
Kazan was raised in the Greek Orthodox religion and
attended Greek Orthodox services every Sunday, where he had to stand for
several hours with his father. His mother read the Bible but did not go
to church. When Kazan was about eight years old, the family moved to
Elia Kazan: A Life New Rochelle, New York, and his father sent him to a
Roman Catholic catechism school because there was no Orthodox church
nearby.[22]
As a young boy, he was remembered as being shy, and his college classmates described him as more
of a loner.[23] Much of his early life was portrayed Elia Kazan: A Life
in his autobiographical book, America America, which he made into a
film in 1963. In it, he describes his family as "alienated" from both
their parents' Greek Orthodox values and from those of mainstream
America.[24]:23 His mother's family were cotton merchants who imported
cotton from England and sold it wholesale. Elia Kazan: A Life His
father had become a ru
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