☺Cigni selvatici. Tre figlie della Cina
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La storia vera di "tre figlie della Cina"
(l'autrice, sua madre, sua nonna) le cui vite e le cui sorti
rispecchiano un secolo di storia cinese, un tempo di rivoluzioni, di
tragedie e di speranze: dall'epoca dei "signori della guerra"
all'occupazione giapponese e poi russa, dalla guerra civile tra i
comunisti e il Kuomintang alla lunga Marcia di Mao e alla Rivoluzione
Culturale. Allevata come una "Guardia rossa", Jung Chang raccoglierà
infine l'eredità di dolore e di speranza di sua nonna e di sua madre,
opponendosi al regime, che le deporterà i genitori in un campo di
rieducazione e la esilierà ai piedi dell'Himalaya, fino all'insperata
occasione di espatrio, nel 1978, verso l'Inghilterra.
Jung Chang (traditional Chinese: ??; simplified Chinese:
??; pinyin: Zh?ng Róng; Wade–Giles: Chang Jung, Mandarin
pronunciation: [t???? ????], born 25 March 1952) is a Chinese-born
British writer now living in London, best known for her family
autobiography Wild Swans, selling over 10 million copies worldwide but
banned in the People's Republic Cigni selvatici. Tre figlie della Cina
of China.
Her 832-page biography of Mao Zedong, Mao: The Unknown
Story, written with her husband, the Irish historian Jon Halliday, was
published in June 2005.
Chang was born on 25 March 1952 in Yibin, Sichuan Province.
Her parents were both Communist Party of China officials, and her
father was Cigni selvatici. Tre figlie della Cina greatly interested in
literature. As a child she quickly developed a love of reading and
writing, which included composing poetry.
As Party cadres, life was relatively good for her family at
first; her parents worked hard, and her father became successful as a
propagandist at a regional level. His formal Cigni selvatici. Tre figlie
della Cina ranking was as a "level 10 official", meaning that he
was one of 20,000 or so most important cadres, or ganbu, in the country.
The Communist Party provided her family with a dwelling in a guarded,
walled compound, a maid and chauffeur, as well as a wet-nurse and nanny
for Cigni selvatici. Tre figlie della Cina Chang and her four siblings.
This level of privilege in China's relatively impoverished 1950s was
extraordinary.
Chang writes that she was originally named Er-hong
(Chinese: ??; lit.: 'Second Swan'), which sounds like the Chinese word
for "faded red". As communists were "deep red", she asked her father to
rename her Cigni selvatici. Tre figlie della Cina when she was 12 years
old, specifying she wanted "a name with a military ring to it." He
suggested "Jung", which means "martial affairs."
Like many of her peers, Chang chose to become a Red Guard
at the age of 14, during the early years of the Cultural Revolution. In
Cigni selvatici. Tre figlie della Cina Wild Swans she said she was "keen
to do so", "thrilled by my red armband".[3] In her memoirs, Chang
states
that she refused to participate in the attacks on her
teachers and other Chinese, and she left after a short period as she
found the Red Guards too violent.
The Cigni selvatici. Tre figlie della Cina failures of the
Great Leap Forward had led her parents to oppose Mao Zedong's policies.
They were targeted during the Cultural Revolution, as most high-ranking
officials were. When Chang's father criticised Mao by name, Chang
writes in Wild Swans that this exposed them to retaliation from Mao's
supporters. Cigni selvatici. Tre figlie della Cina Her parents were
publicly humiliated – ink was poured over their heads, they were forced
to wear placards denouncing them around their necks, kneel in gravel and
to stand outside in the rain – followed by imprisonment, her father's
treatment leading to lasting physical and mental illness. Their careers
were Cigni selvatici. Tre figlie della Cina destroyed, and her family
was forced to leave their home.
Before her parents' denunciation and imprisonment, Chang
had unquestioningly supported Mao and criticised herself for any
momentary doubts.[4] But by
the time of his death, her respect for
Mao, she writes, had been destroyed. Chang wrote that when she heard
Cigni selvatici. Tre figlie della Cina he had died, she had to bury her
head in the shoulder of another student to pretend she was grieving. She
explained her change on the stance of Mao with the following comments:
The Chinese seemed to be mourning Mao in a heartfelt
fashion. But I wondered how many of Cigni selvatici. Tre figlie della
Cina their tears were genuine. People had practiced acting to such a
degree that they confused it with their true feelings. Weeping for Mao
was perhaps just another programmed act in their programmed lives.[5]
Chang's depiction of the Chinese people as having been "programmed" by
Maoism would ring forth in Cigni selvatici. Tre figlie della Cina her
subsequent writings.
According to Wild Swans (chapter 23-chapter 28), Chang's
life during the Cultural Revolution and the years immediately after the
Cultural Revolution was one of both a victim and one of the privileged.
Chang attended Sichuan University in
1973 and became one of the
so-called "Students of Workers, Cigni selvatici. Tre figlie della Cina
Peasants and Soldiers". Her father's government-sponsored official
funeral was held in 1975. Chang was able to leave China and study in the
UK on a Chinese government scholarship in 1978, a year before the
post-Mao Reforms began.
The closing down of the university system led Chang, like
most of Cigni selvatici. Tre figlie della Cina her generation, away from
the political maelstroms of the academy. Instead, she spent several
years as a peasant, a barefoot doctor (a part-time peasant doctor), a
steelworker and an electrician, though she received no formal training
because of Mao's policy, which did not require formal instruction as a
prerequisite for
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