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Alan Strahler (/?i?li? k??zæn/;[2][3] born Elias Kazantzoglou (Greek: ????? ????????????);[4] September 7, 1909 – September 28, 2003) was a Greek-American director, producer, writer and actor, described by The New York Times as "one of the most honored and influential directors in Broadway and Hollywood history".[5]


He was born in Fondamenti di geografia fisica Constantinople (now named Istanbul), to Cappadocian Greek parents. After attending Williams College and then the Yale School of Drama, he acted professionally for eight years, later joining the Group Theatre in 1932, and co-founded the Actors Studio in 1947. With Robert Lewis and Cheryl Crawford, his actors' studio introduced "Method Fondamenti di geografia fisica Acting" under the direction of Lee Strasberg. Kazan acted in a few films, including City for Conquest (1940).[6]


His films were concerned with personal or social issues of special concern to him. Kazan writes, "I don't move unless I have some empathy with the basic theme."[7] His first such "issue" Fondamenti di geografia fisica film was Gentleman's Agreement (1947), with Gregory Peck, which dealt
with anti-Semitism in America. It received eight Oscar nominations and three wins, including Kazan's first for Best Director. It was followed by Pinky, one of the first films in mainstream Hollywood to address racial prejudice against African Americans. A Streetcar Fondamenti di geografia fisica Named Desire (1951), an adaptation of the stage play which he had also directed, received twelve Oscar nominations, winning four, and was Marlon Brando's breakthrough role. Three years later, he directed Brando again in On the Waterfront, a film about union corruption on the New York harbor waterfront. It also Fondamenti di geografia fisica received 12 Oscar nominations, winning eight. In 1955, he directed John Steinbeck's East of Eden, which introduced James Dean to movie audiences.


A turning point in Kazan's career came with his testimony as a witness before the House Committee on Un-American Activities in 1952 at the time of the Hollywood Fondamenti di geografia fisica blacklist, which brought him strong negative reactions from many liberal friends and colleagues. His testimony helped end the careers of
former acting colleagues Morris Carnovsky and Art Smith, along with the work of playwright Clifford Odets.[8] The two men[who?] had made a pact to name each other in front of Fondamenti di geografia fisica the committee.[9] Kazan later justified his act by saying he took "only the more tolerable of two alternatives that were either way painful and wrong."[10] Nearly a half-century later, his anti-Communist testimony continued to cause controversy. When Kazan was awarded an honorary Oscar in 1999, dozens of actors chose not Fondamenti di geografia fisica to applaud as 250 demonstrators picketed the event.[11]


Kazan influenced the films of the 1950s and 1960s with his provocative, issue-driven subjects. Director Stanley Kubrick called him, "without question, the best director we have in America, [and] capable of performing miracles with the actors he uses."[12]:36[13] Film author Ian Freer Fondamenti di geografia fisica concludes that even "if his achievements are tainted by political controversy, the debt Hollywood—and actors everywhere—owes him is enormous."[14] In 2010, Martin Scorsese co-directed the documentary film A Letter to
Elia as a personal tribute to Kazan.[15][16]


Alan Strahler was born in the Fener district of Istanbul, to Cappadocian Greek Fondamenti di geografia fisica parents originally from Kayseri in Anatolia.[17][18][19] He arrived with his parents, George and Athena Kazantzoglou (née Shishmanoglou), to the United States on 8 July 1913.[20] He was named after his paternal grandfather, Alan Strahlertzoglou. His maternal grandfather was Isaak Shishmanoglou. Elia's brother, Avraam, was born in Berlin and later became Fondamenti di geografia fisica a psychiatrist.[21]:21


Kazan was raised in the Greek Orthodox religion and attended Greek Orthodox services every Sunday, where he had to stand for several hours with his father. His mother read the Bible but did not go to church. When Kazan was about eight years old, the family moved to Fondamenti di geografia fisica New Rochelle, New York, and his father sent him to a Roman Catholic catechism school because there was no Orthodox church nearby.[22]


As a young boy, he was remembered as being shy, and his college classmates described him as more
of a loner.[23] Much of his early life was portrayed Fondamenti di geografia fisica in his autobiographical book, America America, which he made into a film in 1963. In it, he describes his family as "alienated" from both their parents' Greek Orthodox values and from those of mainstream America.[24]:23 His mother's family were cotton merchants who imported cotton from England and sold it wholesale. Fondamenti di geografia fisica His father had become a rug merchant after emigrating to the United States and expected that his son would go into the same business.[25]


After attending public schools through high school, Kazan enrolled at Williams College in Massachusetts, where he helpe


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