Download Chemistry Periodic Table
Arvilla Hardan
Many scientists worked on the problem of organizing the elements, but Dmitri Mendeleev published his first version of the periodic table in 1869, and is most often credited as its inventor. Since then, the periodic table has evolved to reflect over 150 years of scientific development and understanding in chemistry and physics. Today, with 118 known elements, it is widely regarded as one of the most significant achievements in science.
By virtue of its work in relation with the chemical elements, IUPAC can dispense a periodic table that is up-to-date. IUPAC involvement covers various aspects of the table and data that it unveils, and several reports and recommendations, some quite recent, attest of that input.
The table is yours to use. Details about the latest release are provided above. Details below provide multiple references to IUPAC journal in Pure and Applied Chemistry (PAC) and magazine Chemistry International (CI).
The standard form of the periodic table shown here includes periods (shown horizontally) and groups (shown vertically). The properties of elements in groups are similar in some respects to each other.
There is no one single or best structure for the periodic table but by whatever consensus there is, the form used here is very useful and the most common. The periodic table is a masterpiece of organised chemical information and the evolution of chemistry's periodic table into the current form is an astonishing achievement.
The periodic table (also known as the periodic table of elements) is organized so scientists can quickly discern the properties of individual elements such as their mass, electron number, electron configuration and their unique chemical properties. Metals reside on the left side of the table, while non-metals reside on the right. Organizing the elements to help further our understanding was first provided by Dmitri Mendeleev.
This periodic table of the elements with names, atomic number, symbol and mass is color-coded for easier reference by students and researchers. For quick reference, go to the periodic table chart with names listed alphabetical order.
The chemical elements are the "conserved principles" or "kernels" of chemistry that are retained when substances are altered. Comprehensive overviews of the chemistry of the elements and their compounds are needed in chemical science. To this end, a graphical display of the chemical properties of the elements, in the form of a Periodic Table, is the helpful tool. Such tables have been designed with the aim of either classifying real chemical substances or emphasizing formal and aesthetic concepts. Simplified, artistic, or economic tables are relevant to educational and cultural fields, while practicing chemists profit more from "chemical tables of chemical elements." Such tables should incorporate four aspects: (i) typical valence electron configurations of bonded atoms in chemical compounds (instead of the common but chemically atypical ground states of free atoms in physical vacuum); (ii) at least three basic chemical properties (valence number, size, and energy of the valence shells), their joint variation across the elements showing principal and secondary periodicity; (iii) elements in which the (sp)8, (d)10, and (f)14 valence shells become closed and inert under ambient chemical conditions, thereby determining the "fix-points" of chemical periodicity; (iv) peculiar elements at the top and at the bottom of the Periodic Table. While it is essential that Periodic Tables display important trends in element chemistry we need to keep our eyes open for unexpected chemical behavior in ambient, near ambient, or unusual conditions. The combination of experimental data and theoretical insight supports a more nuanced understanding of complex periodic trends and non-periodic phenomena.
Despite the language barrier, we got to know each other pretty well, with the assistance of two things: chemistry and beer. Hiroko worked with me on my PhD project, the total synthesis of a complex small molecule, Norzoanthamine.
Fast forward thirteen years, and we're married with two dogchildren and one real child. Norzoanthamine never got made, despite the awesome boron-catalyzed diastereoselective Diels-Alder reaction we developed together to make the molecule's core six-membered ring. I moved on from science as a career in 2005 when I arrived in the Bay Area for law school. Hiroko quit research the next year, when she left her pharma job in Japan to join me in California--where, incidentally and somewhat shockingly, we rented an apartment in downtown Palo Alto for a paltry $1500/month. Hiroko worked in a consulting job for Japanese biotech companies for a few years, and for a brief while I dabbled in chemistry in the context of pharma litigation. But a couple things have not changed in all this time. I still use the Sigma-Aldrich company Periodic Table mousepad I had in graduate school. We still love science. And of course we drink a lot of beer.
And now to come back to where we started: chemistry. The Periodic Table will build on the "chemists start a ramen shop" theme we've explored with Ramen Chemistry, in a context--alcohol--readily suited to association with science. We're working with a fabulous team of Oakland-based architects and designers at Arcsine to create an awesome space that blends design inspiration from chemistry and Japan.
In 1913, chemistry and physics were topsy-turvy. Some big hitters - including Mendeleev - were talking seriously about elements lighter than hydrogen and elements between hydrogen and helium. Visualizing the atom was a free-for-all, and Mendeleev's justification for a periodic table based on atomic weights was falling apart at the seams.
Mendeleev realized that the table in front of him lay at the very heart of chemistry. And more than that, Mendeleev saw that his table was incomplete - there were spaces where elements should be, but no-one had discovered them.
Just as Adams and Le Verrier could be said to have discovered the planet Neptune on paper, Mendeleev could be said to have discovered germanium on paper. He called this new element eka-silicon, after observing a gap in the periodic table between silicon and tin:
Although Mendeleev had made a crucial breakthrough, he made little further progress.With the benefit of hindsight, we know that Mendeleev's periodic table was underpinned by false reasoning.Mendeleev believed, incorrectly, that chemical properties were determined by atomic weight.Of course, this was perfectly reasonable when we consider scientific knowledge in 1869.
Books increase the authority of the author, but few marketers create them. They are by far the largest element on the periodic table and the most expensive to create. They require editing, design and printing. But through a bit of chemistry, they can be created gradually over time.
I have two different tables; one is Periodic Table of elements (PSE) Columns A-C with their respective atomic mass, and another table Column E-F is consistent of compounds which I need to calculate/sum total mass but using first table as a source. So, for instance, compound H2O (water) is total of 18 g/mol (H=1x2, O=16) ... but there are compounds like C6H6Zn or with more numbers in front, and that gives me tough time to understand how to calculate / sum them up. In Column H are the actual values which I need to obtain..
By the twentieth century, it became apparent that the periodic relationship involved atomic numbers rather than atomic masses. The modern statement of this relationship, the periodic law, is as follows: the properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. A modern periodic table arranges the elements in increasing order of their atomic numbers and groups atoms with similar properties in the same vertical column (Figure 2). Each box represents an element and contains its atomic number, symbol, average atomic mass, and (sometimes) name. The elements are arranged in seven horizontal rows, called periods or series, and 18 vertical columns, called groups. Groups are labeled at the top of each column. In the United States, the labels traditionally were numerals with capital letters. However, IUPAC recommends that the numbers 1 through 18 be used, and these labels are more common. For the table to fit on a single page, parts of two of the rows, a total of 14 columns, are usually written below the main body of the table.
In studying the periodic table, you might have noticed something about the atomic masses of some of the elements. Element 43 (technetium), element 61 (promethium), and most of the elements with atomic number 84 (polonium) and higher have their atomic mass given in square brackets. This is done for elements that consist entirely of unstable, radioactive isotopes (you will learn more about radioactivity in the nuclear chemistry chapter). An average atomic weight cannot be determined for these elements because their radioisotopes may vary significantly in relative abundance, depending on the source, or may not even exist in nature. The number in square brackets is the atomic mass number (and approximate atomic mass) of the most stable isotope of that element.
Reactivity describes the ability of a molecule or atom to undergo a chemical reaction, followed by a release in energy. This property is dependent on characteristics such as electronegativity and ionization energy. These are factors that affect the interactions of electrons that chemical reactions undergo. Reactivity is dependent on the classification of an element (metals and non-metals), as they both have differing periodic trends. The reactivity of metals increases further left along a period, and further down a group. On the other hand, reactivity in non-metals increase further right down a period, and further up a group. The most highly reactive element to be observed is cesium, as it spontaneously reacts with air and water!
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