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PubMed Central (PMC) is a free full-text archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature at the U.S. National Institutes of Health's National Library of Medicine (NIH/NLM). This guide is meant to help you use PMC to find and read articles of interest to you. Answers to many common questions about PMC are available in the PMC FAQ.
In March 2024, NCBI announced the availability of a public preview of upcoming updates to the PMC website, including updated functionality and labeling of the PMC journal list and changes to some of the fields in the PMC journals data provided in downloadable format. Preview the updated journal list at:
To search for full-text articles in PMC, type the term or concept you are looking for into the search box at the top of any PMC page and click the search button or hit enter. Suggestions will display as you type your search terms. This feature is based on PubMed query log analysis described in "Finding Query Suggestions for PubMed."
For many searches, it is not necessary to use special tags or syntax, though PMC does support more structured searching and filters to refine your results and help you find the information you are seeking. The PMC Single Citation Matcher tool is also available to find PMC articles by specific citation information.
In the Search box, enter the author's full name or their last name followed by initials, without punctuation. If you only know the author's last name, use the author search field tag [au] as shown in an example below.
Author names are automatically truncated to account for varying initials and designations such as Jr. To turn off the truncation, use double quotes around the author's name with the author search field tag [au] as shown in an example below.
Author SearchesSearch Query ExamplesFull NameJoshua Lederberg
joshua lederberg Last Name and Given Name InitialsLipman DJ
lipman djLast Name (with author search field tag [au])lipman[au]Last Name and Given Name Initials (with truncation turned off by using quotes)"smith j"[au]
Journal SearchSearch Query ExamplesFull journal titleJournal of the Medical Library Association
journal of the medical library associationFull journal title with journal search field tag"Journal of the Medical Library Association"[ta]
"Journal of the Medical Library Association"[journal]Journal title abbreviationProc Natl Acad Sci U S AJournal title abbreviation with journal title abbreviation search field tag"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"[ta]
"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"[journal]ISSN1948-7193
1948-7193[ta]
1948-7193[journal]
CollectionSearch QueryAuthor Manuscripts"author manuscript"[filter]NIH Preprintspreprint[filter]PMC COVID-19 Collection"pmc phe collection"[filter]Open Access Subset"open access"[filter]Digitized Historical Biomedical Journals"is scanned"[filter]
"historical OCR"[filter]
Use or append the preset search filters shown in the Search Query column below to find articles supported by funding organizations that have formally partnered with NLM to use PMC as a repository for their funded research.
Research FunderSearch QueryNational Institutes of Health (NIH)"nih funded"[filter]Administration for Community Living (ACL)"acl funded"[filter]Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)"ahrq funded"[filter]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)"cdc funded"[filter]Food and Drug Administration (FDA)"fda funded"[filter]Office of Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR)
"aspr funded"[filter]Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)"epa funded"[filter]National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)"nasa funded"[filter]National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)"nist funded"[filter]US Department of Homeland Security (DHS)"dhs funded"[filter]US Department of Veterans Affairs"va funded"[filter]
Limit your search results to articles in the PMC Open Access Subset with specific Creative Commons (CC) licenses by appending the preset search filters shown in the Search Query column below. For descriptions of these licenses, please see the Creative Commons site, About the Licenses. Please note that not all articles in the Open Access Subset have a CC license.
License typeSearch QueryAny CC license"cc license"[filter]CC BY (Attribution)"cc by license"[filter]CC BY-ND (Attribution, no derivatives)"cc by-nd license"[filter]CC BY-NC (Attribution, noncommercial)"cc by-nc license"[filter]CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, noncommercial, no derivatives)"cc by-nc-nd license"[filter]CC BY-NC-SA (Attribution, noncommercial, share-alike)"cc by-nc-sa license"[filter]CC BY-SA (Attribution, share-alike)"cc by-sa license"[filter]CC0 (Public domain)"cc0 license"[filter]
These filters are based on license information, which is provided to PMC by publishers and other content providers. Please note that, in some cases, there are discrepancies between these machine-readable identifiers and the actual text of the license statements. In 2013, PMC instituted new rules to help ensure consistency of the tagging of the licenses, which apply to all content received since then.
Article propertySearch QueryHas supplementary material"has suppdata"[filter]Has a "Data Availability" and/or a "Data Accessibility" section"has data avail"[filter]Has references tagged with a proper type to be rendered as data citations"has data citations"[filter]Has supplementary material and/or data availability/accessibility section (best option for finding papers that may have openly accessible datasets associated)"has associated data"[filter]Has abstract"has abstract"[filter]Has PDF"has pdf"[filter]Has a preprint version also available in PMC"has preprint"[filter]Has video"has video"[filter]Is a scanned article"is scanned"[filter]Is a letterletter[filter]Is a reply to a letterreply[filter]Is an expression of concern about an article"expression of concern"[filter]Is an articles that has a published expression of concern"has expression of concern"[filter]Is a correction to an articlecorrection[filter]Is an article that has a published correction"is corrected"[filter]Is a retraction of an articleretraction[filter]Is an article that has been retracted"is retracted"[filter]Is cited by other articles in PMC"cited in pmc"[filter]Is in PMC and under embargo"pmc embargo"[filter]
Phrases may appear in a PMC article but not be in the phrases index. To browse indexed phrases, use the Show Index feature included in the Advanced Search Builder: select a search field, enter the beginning of a phrase, and then click Show Index.
To search for all terms that begin with a word, enter the word followed by an asterisk (*). For example, flavor* finds terms that begin with the root term flavor, such as flavored, flavorful, flavoring, etc.
PMC searches for the first 600 variations of a truncated term. If a truncated term (e.g., "tox*") produces more than 600 variations, PMC displays a warning message to lengthen the root word to search for all endings.
air bladder fistula
Automatic term mapping will be used, so the search results will include articles that have the term "air bladder" and the word "fistula" , because "air bladder" is a term recognized by PMC's automatic term mapping.
PMC search results are displayed by default in order of relevance with 20 results per page. The default sort order for search results is based on an algorithm that analyzes the full text of every PMC article that contains any of your search terms. For a given search query, "weight" is calculated for each article depending on how many search terms are found, which fields they are found in, and the size of the article. Although recently-published articles are given more weight, this is not a major sorting factor.
The PMC search program may modify your search terms to enhance your retrieval. Sometimes these changes may not match what you have in mind. For example, if you search for cystic fibrosis by its abbreviation cf, the cf search retrieves some articles that do not discuss cystic fibrosis. To see why PMC retrieved these articles, review the Search Details box to see how PMC translated cf to search for articles about cerebrospinal fluid or cf. (For additional information, see automatic term mapping and search rules.)
Tools included on the Advanced Search page help users to: search for terms in a specific field, combine searches and build large, complex search strings, and compare the number of results for different queries. A link to the Advanced Search page is available by the search box.
You may also search a specific field -- and bypass automatic term mapping -- by adding a search tag to a term (see: Search field descriptions and tags). The search tag must be enclosed in square brackets.
The Advanced Search Builder includes the Show Index List feature, which provides an alphabetical display of terms appearing in selected PMC search fields. You can browse by all fields or within specific fields such as MeSH Terms. The Show Index list will only display for fields that are compatible with this feature.
To generate a CSV file of current History items, click "Download history". Please note, Microsoft Excel is typically unable to display or print more than a maximum of 1024 characters in a cell; therefore, you may want to open the CSV file with a text editor to display your complete searches.
Search for full text articles in PMC: The search bar supports search across the articles in the PMC archive. To search other NCBI databases, use the search bar on the NCBI homepage or on PMC search results pages.
Many articles from the Back Issue Digitization Project are viewable in a Summary/Page Browse format (for example, PMC2483210). The full text of these articles is also available in PDF format (as a scanned copy of the original print version). Some of these articles include a Selected References section offering links to citation records in PubMed or to other PMC articles.
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