A Solid Substance Was Tested In The Laboratory

[Lyric Maro]

ThePower Flowability Testing and Material Properties Test Lab provides powder and bulk solid material testing services; flow modeling, including CFP, FEM and DEM; and has a variety of bulk material equipment for your company's additional needs.

Why is it important to understand the properties of your powder or other bulk solid material? In many cases, material characterization and understanding material properties are the first steps in solving issues and achieving the best design.

Which silo design is best? Will the material cake in transit on a truck or rail car and will it come out of the transport vessel? Will flow properties change if this powder is stored for a long period in a bag or supersack? Will the bulk density change?

Is funnel flow acceptable, or is mass flow needed for this bulk solid material? How do I achieve mass flow? Which flow aid devices will work best for this material? What is the minimum outlet dimension for my hopper? What angle is required for my gravity flow chute? The recommended tests are:

Will a cyclone be adequate, or do I need a filter with filter bags or maybe cartridges? What filtration efficiency should be expected with my material in a cyclone or baghouse? What type of filter media should be used in the filter bags or cartridges for my particular powder or bulk solid? What air velocity should be used in the ducting going to my dust collector? How much static pressure does my fan need?

Which type of conveying system is best for my bulk solid material? Should I use mechanical conveying? If so, should it be tubular or belt or screws? Should my pneumatic conveying system use vacuum or pressure? Dense phase or dilute phase pneumatic conveying? How can I reduce particle degradation? How do I reduce energy consumption when conveying? How do I prevent build up or cross contamination?

Test examples include measuring the effects of Flow additives, changing moisture content, environmental differences in temperature and humidity, wet granulation end point, attrition, particle surface area and texture, electrostatic and explosibility characteristics, segregation potential, caking tendency, compressibility, permeability, morphology, moisture sorption isotherms.

If you change something, how will it affect your production process? How can you test scale up from lab scale to pilot scale to production without shutting down your systems to try it? If you change formulation or try a different ingredient, will it affect the processing? Will it effect flowability, abrasive wear or efficiency of the process?

The Brookfield Powder Flow Tester (PFT) is an automated shear cell tester used for analyzing powder flow behavior in storage, handling and conveying of bulk solids. Powder testers assist in research, new formulation, process development, equipment design and troubleshooting of material flow problems.

The Hosokawa PT-X Powder Tester is a comprehensive powder characteristics evaluation device (a single measuring instrument) that can quantitatively evaluate the "flowability" and "floodability" of powders that Mr. R.L.Carr advocated.

The WS Tyler Ro-Tap E 8" Sieve Shaker is designed for analyzing particles in the size range of No.10 (2mm) to No.635 (20 micron). The Ro-TAP Shaker allows analysts to obtain particle size distributions of various materials in a standardized way by delivering consistent vertical and horizontal force on a sieve stack.

A sieve analysis (or gradation test) is a practice or procedure used (commonly used in civil, chemical or mechanical engineering) to assess the particle size distribution (also called gradation) of a granular material by allowing the material to pass through a series of sieves of progressively smaller mesh size and weighing the amount of material that is stopped by each sieve as a fraction of the whole mass.

The KSU-BSTC Abrasive Wear Tester is based on ASTM611, modified specifically for evaluating the abrasive wear upon equipment used to handle dry bulk materials. In the standard configuration, a test sample coupon (such as metal, coated metal or plastic) is placed in the test chamber. Then the powder or other bulk solid material continually acts against the coupon, and the wear upon the coupon is measured. To make the test valid, fresh bulk solid material is continually fed into the abrasion point. The speed and force of the abrasion can be varied.

Two different wear testing configurations are available. The first is a standard Abrasive Wear Tester, recommended for typical applications such as mechanical conveyors, bins, chutes and slow speed mixers. This is a three-body abrasive wear test, with a test coupon, a bulk solid material and a device which rubs the bulk solid against the test coupon. The second configuration is a High Velocity Abrasion Tester, recommended for evaluation of wear in dilute phase pneumatic conveying, blasting and high speed mixers. It is two body abrasive wear tester in which the bulk solid impacts against the test surface at high velocity.

Fluidization testing is performed by pushing a volume of air through a bed of material to determine how well the air gets entrapped between particles. A material that entraps the air will flow easily, but it also can flow too easily creating spillage and flooding of the powder. On the other hand, a material that does not fluidize well may not easily transport and can create other issues. Optimal air pressure and air flow for a bed of material can be measured and optimized. Additionally, the fluidization equipment can be utilized to measure how long a fluidized bed of material will stay aerated after the air flow is stopped.

The Freeman FT4 Powder Rheometer is a universal powder tester. It employs a patented dynamic methodology, in which a powder's resistance to flow is measured while the powder is in motion. The FT4 also includes a shear cell for measuring bulk flow properties.

The Morphology G3 SE system provides the ability to measure the morphological characteristics (size and shape) of particles. It is an analytical tool for differentiating and characterizing particulate samples.

SEM Analysis provides high magnification viewing of particles. Detailed analysis of surface structures and particle shapes can be performed. It can help determine how particulates form, agglomerate, fracture, and wear. It can explain why two material samples behave differently even when they have the same chemical properties and particle size.

Environmental changes can affect a material's properties. Powders and other bulk solid materials will behave differently if the temperature or humidity changes at the location where the materials are stored or processed. For example, some materials will behave differently in winter than in summer, or when used in different parts of the country.

The Bulk Solids Technology Center has two environmental chambers in which materials can be placed. Temperature and humidity can be selected, the material is allowed to reach equilibrium, then the material's properties are tested to determine the effect of the environmental change.

The VSA Isotherm Generator is an automatic moisture sorption isotherm generator that can generate both dynamic and equilibrium moisture sorption isotherms. This information indicates the relationship between moisture content and relative humidity. For each humidity value, the sorption isotherm indicates the corresponding water content value at a given constant temperature. Water activity increases as moisture content increases, but the relationship is not linear.

There are thousands of different PFAS chemicals of varying carbon chain lengths and different functional groups. Analyzing them in a comprehensive way has been a challenge that scientists at all levels of government are working to address. Different offices within the EPA have published methods to test for certain PFAS in drinking water and in non-potable water and continues to work on methods for other matrices. The methods described below are the result of the efforts of the Clean Water Act Methods Program.

DoD led the multi-laboratory validation study of the procedure in collaboration with the EPA Office of Water, the Office of Land and Emergency Management, and the Office of Research and Development. The Office of Water used the results of the multi-laboratory validation study to finalize the method and add formal performance criteria. The Office of Water encourages laboratories, regulatory authorities, and other interested parties to review and use the method, with the understanding that it may undergo revision during a rulemaking process.

The EPA will either revise the method or publish these errata as an official EPA document before that proposal. For now, posting this list on the web page allows the EPA the flexibility to address any additional minor errors that may be identified, or clarifications that are needed.

The following table provides the list of those errata that shows the original text and the corrected text side by side. In some of these entries, unaffected text that appears before or after the sentence with the error has been omitted and replaced with an ellipsis (i.e., three dots) for brevity of this presentation.

Note: Some of the target analytes in Table 9 do not produce confirmation ions or produce confirmation ions with very low relative abundances; therefore, for those analytes, the IAR does not apply.

Note: Some of the target analytes in Table 10 do not produce confirmation ions or produce confirmation ions with very low relative abundances; therefore, for those analytes, the IAR does not apply.

Compute the percent recovery of the native compounds by the appropriate quantification method depending on the compound (Section 10.3). Compute the percent recovery of each EIS compound by the non-extracted internal standard method (Sections 1.2 and 10.3).

Compute the percent recovery of the native compounds by the appropriate quantification method depending on the compound (Section 10.3). Compute the percent recovery of each EIS compound. by the non-extracted internal standard method (Sections 1.2 and 10.3).

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