Download Surat Al Baqarah Ayat 1-5
Miina Hyrkas
Surat yang memiliki arti Sapi Betina ini diturunkan di Kota Madinah, sehingga tergolong surat Madaniyah. Pada permulaan surat ini, Allah SWT menerangkan tentang kitab Al Quran dan orang-orang yang beriman kepadanya.
Ibnu Katsir dalam tafsirnya menjelaskan, menurut suatu pendapat, alif lām mīm pada permulaan surat tersebut merupakan salah satu nama Allah SWT. Asy Sya'bi mengatakan fawatihus suwar adalah asma-asma Allah.
Hal yang sama dikatakan pula oleh Salim ibnu Abdullah dan Ismail ibnu Abdur Rahman As-Saddiyyul Kabir. Syu'bah mengatakan dari As-Saddi, telah sampai kepadanya suatu berita bahwa Ibnu Abbas mengatakan, "Alif lam mim merupakan salah satu asma Allah Yang Teragung." Demikian pula yang diriwayatkan oleh Ibnu Abu Hatim melalui hadis Syu'bah.
Pada ayat 2, Kemenag menafsirkan bahwa ayat tersebut menerangkan tentang keberadaan Al Quran yang tidak dapat diragukan lagi. Al Quran merupakan wahyu Allah SWT yang diturunkan kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW melalui perantara Jibril.
Surat Al Baqoroh (Arab: البقرة, al-Baqarah, "Sapi Bikang") nyaéta surat ka-2 dina Al Qur'an. Surat ieu kawengku ti 286 ayat, 6.221 kecap, jeung 25.500 huruf jeung kaasup surat Madaniyah. Sabagéan gedé ayatna turun di awal hijrahna Nabi sa.w., iwal ti ayat 281 nu turun di Mina nalika Haji Wada'. Surah ieu pang panjangna dina Al Qur'an. Dingaranan Al-Baqoroh nu hartina Sapi Bikang dicandak tina carita Bani Isroil nu diparéntah Allah meuncit sapi bikang (ayat 67-74). Surat ieu ogé disebut Fusthotul Qur'an (Puncakna Al-Qur'an) lantaran eusina aya hukum-hukum nu teu disebutkeun dina surat nu lian atawa surat Alif Lam Mim lantaran dimimitian Alif Lam dan Mim. Turun sabada Surat 83 Al Muthoffifin.
Sa anjogna Kangjeng Nabi S.a.w sumping ka Madinah, ieu surat nu mimiti turun anu eusina di antarana ngécéskeun yén Al Qur'an mangrupa kitab pituduh pikeun anu tarakwa (muttaqin) kalayan sababaraha ciri, nyaéta iman kanu goib, migawé solat, méré infaq, iman kana kitab nu turun ka Nabi s.a.w. jeung nu saméméhna Nabi s.a.w, tur yakin kana poé ahérat. Rupa-rupa syaréat mimiti lumaku di masyarakat Islam.
Paragraf di atas merupakan Surat Al-Baqarah Ayat 173 dengan text arab, latin dan terjemah artinya. Ada bermacam hikmah mendalam dari ayat ini. Didapati bermacam penjabaran dari banyak ulama tafsir berkaitan isi surat Al-Baqarah ayat 173, antara lain sebagaimana tercantum:
245. In the legal terminology of Islam this is known as ila'. It is obvious that harmony and cordiality do not always prevail in matrimonial life. There are occasions when strains and tensions develop, leading to discord and estrangement. But the Law of God does not approve of that discord which causes a husband and wife, who are legally tied to one another in matrimony, to remain for all practical purposes alienated from one another as if they had ceased to be spouses. For this kind of abnormal discord and estrangement God has fixed a limit of four months during which the spouses are required either to settle their difference, or to break the tie of wedlock so that each becomes free to contract marriage with someone with whom a harmonious matrimonial relationship appears more likely.
Since the verse mentions 'taking a vow', the Hanafi and Shafi'i jurists consider the injunction to be applicable only when a husband has taken a vow not to have sexual relations with his wife. According to them, the injunction does not apply if the husband merely forsakes sexual relations with his wife without taking any vow to that effect. The Maliki jurists are, however, of the opinion that irrespective of whether a person has taken a vow, the maximum permissible limit for abstaining from sexual relations in wedlock is four months. A statement to that effect is also attributed to Ahmad b. Hanbal. (See Ibn Rushd, Bidayat al-Mujtahid, vol. 2, pp. 98 ff. - Ed.)
According to 'Ali, Ibn Abbas and Hasan al-Basri, this injunction is related to the cessation of sexual relations as a result of unpleasantness in the relationship of the spouses. It would not apply, however, if a husband were to decide to abandon sexual relations with his wife out of some beneficial consideration - say because the wife is breastfeeding - at a time when their relationship was pleasant. According to other jurists, however, any vow which prevents sexual intercourse between a husband and wife is ila', and ought not to last longer than four months irrespective of the state of the matrimonial relationship when it was taken. (See Jassas, Ahkam al-Qur'an, vol. 1, pp. 355 ff - Ed.)
Dalam karya tafsirnya yang lain, Tafsir Al-Munir, Syekh Wahbah Az-Zuhayli mengatakan, Surat Al-Baqarah ayat 40-142 membicarakan secara khusus Bani Israil untuk mengungkap perilaku dan aib mereka.
Menurut Imam Qatadah dan Mujahid, kutip Imam Al-Baghowi, janji yang dimaksud pada Surat Al-Baqarah ayat 40 disebutkan secara jelas pada Surat Al-Maidah ayat 12. Tetapi menurut Imam Al-Hasan, janji yang dimaksud adalah syariat Taurat sebagaimana keterangan Surat Al-Baqarah ayat 63.
Ayat 186 surat Al-Baqarah menjelaskan dengan tegas kedekatan Allah terhadap hamba-hamba-Nya, terutama dalam mengabulkan doanya. Bahkan kedekatan Allah digambarkan lebih dekat dari urat nadi hamba-Nya. Namun, maksud dari makna dekat tersebut bukan dekat dilihat dari tempatnya, melainkan dekat dalam mendengar dan mengabulkan doa hamba-hamba-Nya.
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