Rajib Moral

[Llanque Mazurek]

Authorsare thankful to the Vice chancellor, Director of Research, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, Dean Veterinary College Hassan, Karnataka-573202, India, for providing necessary facilities to conduct the research work. Authors are also thankful to Director, ICAR-National Research Center on Pig, Guwahati-781131, Assam, India, for moral support and collaboration. We also acknowledge that caricatures used for preparing Fig. 1 was obtained from Biorender.com.

RD: Performing the experiment. RD: Conceptualized the idea, manuscript drafting. MKV, KHG: Assisted in conducting the Experimental study. GSNK, JN, MCS: Compilation of the results and suggested for the relevant analysis of the work.

Significance Statement The current work demonstrates the utility of poultry excreta to produce bioethanol using the simplest technique of fermentation without the need of any other resources. According to the findings, bioethanol production from poultry waste provides an alternative and economical approach to manage poultry waste that is also environmentally benign.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all domains of human life, including the economic and social fabric of societies. One of the central strategies for managing public health throughout the pandemic has been through persuasive messaging and collective behaviour change. To help scholars better understand the social and moral psychology behind public health behaviour, we present a dataset comprising of 51,404 individuals from 69 countries. This dataset was collected for the International Collaboration on Social & Moral Psychology of COVID-19 project (ICSMP COVID-19). This social science survey invited participants around the world to complete a series of moral and psychological measures and public health attitudes about COVID-19 during an early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (between April and June 2020). The survey included seven broad categories of questions: COVID-19 beliefs and compliance behaviours; identity and social attitudes; ideology; health and well-being; moral beliefs and motivation; personality traits; and demographic variables. We report both raw and cleaned data, along with all survey materials, data visualisations, and psychometric evaluations of key variables.

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In the early stages of the pandemic, when vaccines were not yet available, governments introduced non-pharmaceutical interventions to reduce the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus9. Various contact-restricting policies (e.g., stay-at-home recommendations, curfews, police hours, partial or complete lock-downs) were enacted, and citizens were advised to adhere to public health recommendations (e.g., hand washing, face masks, and spatial distancing). It quickly became clear that behavioural science had a major role to play10.

On April 11th, a team of researchers launched a call for international collaboration in social and moral psychology. The initiative quickly gained momentum, gathering a consortium of over 250 academics worldwide. The aim of this project was to collect data from as many countries as possible to serve as a public good for the scientific community by allowing future research to draw on this broad database collected during this early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey, developed by the initial team, was circulated among the national teams, who provided feedback, translated it into 32 languages, and disseminated it online. The project concluded with responses from a total of 51,404 participants from 69 countries, 77 samples, between April 22nd and June 3rd, 2020.

A key goal of the project was to test the hypothesis that national identity predicts support for public health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic, which has since been confirmed11,12. In addition to collecting variables to test this hypothesis, we collected data on a variety of other social and moral constructs to make of our multi-country large-scale survey a rich resource for future research. The survey focused on the following areas: on a) COVID-19 beliefs and compliance behaviours (COVID-19 public health support, COVID-19 risk perception, COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, and COVID-19 testing behaviour); b) identity and social attitudes (national identification, national narcissism, and social belonging); c) ideology (political ideology); d) health and well-being (subjective physical health, a wealth ladder ranking, and psychological well-being); e) moral beliefs and motivation (generosity, morality as cooperation, moral identity, and moral circle); f) personality traits and dispositions (open-mindedness, self-esteem, trait optimism, trait self-control, narcissism, and cognitive reflection); and g) demographic variables (i.e., sex, age, marital status, number of children, and employment status).

When possible, we used articles published in Nature Scientific Data presenting social sciences data as blueprints5,29. Given the urgent call for COVID-19 research, this study received an umbrella ethical approval from the University of Kent (see osf.io/ce638) but also complied with local ethics, norms, and regulations in the countries where the data were collected.

A total of 51,404 individuals from 77 samples across 69 countries participated in our survey. The inclusion criteria were the following: being 18 years of age and older, and giving informed consent (although researchers were encouraged to, ideally, recruit representative samples regarding age and gender). Data were collected between April 22nd and June 3rd, 2020. Figure 1 displays where the data were collected, coloured according to national sample size. Figure 2 displays the proportion of respondents in relation to the full sample. Figure 3 shows when the data were collected in each country.

A world map visualizing the number of participants in each surveyed country. Note: This heat map shows the number of respondents from each country. The gray areas are the countries that are not covered by the data, and the colour scale shows the size of the sample in accordance with the scale on the lower left side.

For the most part, participants were recruited via professional survey research companies and were incentivised to participate. In countries that, to our knowledge, did not possess polling infrastructure30, incentivising participants was not feasible. To collect data in these countries, leaders of national teams relied on online volunteers recruited via media appeals, mailing lists, advertisements on news aggregators, local communities and bloggers, and private messaging apps such as WhatsApp or WeChat.

Four constructs: COVID-19 public health support, COVID-19 risk perception, COVID-19 conspiracy theory beliefs, and COVID-19 testing behaviour. The public health support construct, in turn, is composed of three measures: spatial distancing, physical hygiene, and policy support. These are ad-hoc scales that we developed ourselves.

The survey instrument was drafted in English and translated into other languages using the standard forward-backward method (i.e., members of national teams were advised to split members into forward-translating the survey into the local language and back-translating it into English, and then have the two groups discuss and resolve discrepancies). In total, the survey instrument was translated into 32 languages, including adaptations of region-specific dialects or vernaculars. Specifically, from English into Arabic, Bengali, Bulgarian, Croatian, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungary, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Kurdish, Latvian, Macedonian, Mandarin simplified, Mandarin traditional, Nepali, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish, and Ukrainian (see osf.io/tfsza at sub-folder Translations).

In addition to the raw data, a dedicated Web application was developed to provide a general overview of the dataset (icsmp.shinyapps.io/icsmp_covid19). The application is based on an R shiny server (rstudio.com/products/shiny), together with the leaflet58 and ggplot259 graphical libraries to generate dynamic plots. All the generated figures can be exported as .png files, and all tables can be exported as .csv files. The Web application allows easy and dynamic generation of illustrations like the figures with maps for each construct with zoomable world maps and static figures and plots for sample and country characteristics. In addition, all tables are embedded with dynamic features for sorting and filtering. To make it more accessible for the readers, both tables and figures are downloadable. The Shiny app has two tabs giving general information about the project and the international consortium. The first tab contains sample descriptions such as sample size, missing data, and attention checks for each country with a Gantt chart showing the dates of data collection. The second tab displays world maps of spatial distancing, policy support, national identity, conspiracy beliefs, national narcissism and morality as cooperation as well as all tables reported in dynamic formats.

We also examined cross-cultural differences in conspiracy beliefs, morality as cooperation, spatial distancing, national narcissism, national identification, and policy support for preventative measures across 69 countries in Fig. 7. Additionally, we showcase patterns of associations between these moral and psychological constructs across gender, ideology and age in Figs. 8, 9. For the association pattern analysis, we excluded samples with less than 490 respondents as recommended for stable correlations61, as well as for the subsequent consistency measure analysis.

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