Discussion on final-exam-due-65-plus-end-of-term-notes-to-all

[Ryota F]

Ryota Fujii

English 101

Professor O’Connell

June 5, 2010

The Best Course of Action against Kony and the LRA

Joseph Kony and his Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) have been implicated
in a variety of brutalities and crimes against humanities. This is an
important issue and raises a question: What is the best course of
action for the international community concerning Kony and the LRA? In
an interview with Kiggundu (2010), Luis Moreno Ocampo, the Prosecutor
of the International Criminal Court (ICC), makes a statement that is
contrary to what Goldhagen (2009) believes regarding the best course
of action the international community should take against perpetrators
like Kony. Unlike Goldhagen who supports targeted killing, Ocampo
believes that arrest and trial are the appropriate approach. Ocampo
also seems to disagree with Goldhagen’s criticism of the ICC and
suggests that the ICC has been successful in many areas and should
continue to be in charge of punishing perpetrators. Feingold’s bill
that supports a broad based disarmament effort is also at odds with
Goldhagen’s opinion on how to deal with perpetrators like the LRA. The
ideas expressed by Ocampo and Feingold are wrong because arresting and
charging perpetrators is extremely difficult, the ICC is ineffective
in delivering justice to victims, and trying to fix structural factors
will not eradicate crimes against humanities. The best course of
action for the international community concerning Kony and the LRA is
to offer substantial rewards not only for information leading to the
arrest or conviction of Kony and the LRA members but also for killing
them.
Ocampo suggests that arrest and trial are the best course of action by
saying, “We need to arrest Joseph Kony. I would like to put him on
trial to explain why he was abducting children” (Kiggundu, 2010), but
that is wrong because he is not realistic about the difficulty of
arresting and charging perpetrators. A lot of people have been killed
by the LRA while the ICC was trying unsuccessfully to arrest Kony.
Ocampo also suggests that the ICC is effective by saying, “the Rome
Statute is in motion and we are carrying out investigation in many
parts of the world” (Kiggundu, 2010), but that is also wrong because
the United States has not even ratified the ICC, and there are many
rules that prevent the ICC from working effectively such as a rule
that says the ICC can only investigate “crimes committed after July
2002” (Ocampo qtd in Kiggundu, 2010). Finally, Feingold’s bill
includes the $10 million dollar per year support for a variety of
disarmament and recovery efforts, but that is wrong because trying to
fix structural factors will not eradicate crimes against humanities.
As Goldhagen states, although structural factors such as poverty can
influence people, they cannot explain why eliminationist assaults
begin.
The best course of action for the international community concerning
Kony and the LRA is to offer substantial rewards not only for
information leading to the arrest or conviction of Kony and the LRA
members but also for killing them. As Goldhagen states, the best
course of action is not to use the ICC because it uses “law
enforcement and criminal justice’s cumbersome and enormously difficult
standards of criminal trial proof” (p. 578). Goldhagen states that
this extremely high standard of criminal trial proof “has led the
court’s prosecutor to take five years even to get to recommending an
arrest warrant for al-Bashir, all the while – with every passing day –
the Sudanese regime slaughtered and eliminated people, totaling
millions (p. 578). It is clear that the ICC is ineffective in
delivering justice to victims and incompetent in preventing or
deterring eliminationist assaults. It is time that the international
community adopted a program recommended by Goldhagen that would allow
targeted killing of al-Bashir, Kony and LRA members who committed
crimes against humanity.







References
Feingold, Sen. R. 2009, May 19. S1067: Lord’s Resistance Army
disarmament and Northern Uganda recovery act. US Senate.
http://thomas.loc.gov/
Goldhagen, D. J. (2009). Worse than war: Genocide, eliminationism,
and the ongoing assault on humanity. New York: Public Affairs.
Kiggundu, E. (2010, May 30). I am waiting for evidence on Bugandu
killings,
says ICC chief. The Observer.
http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8706:i-am-waiting-for-evidence-on-buganda-killings-says-icc-chief&catid=34:news&Itemid=59

[William W]

William Wang
English 101 Section 0143
Professor O’Connell
06.05.2010 Final Exam

In current events, Joseph Kony and his “ragtag group of rebels” the
LRA (Lord’s Resistance Army) have waged a 20+ year war against the
Ugandan government. He is wanted by the International Criminal Court
for war crimes (BBC, 2005) including the kidnapping of “more than
30,000 children in the last ten years alone” (CNN, 2006). We need to
stop Joseph Kony from continuing to commit crimes against humanity.
However, according to Luis Moreno Ocampo, the Prosecutor of the ICC,
“we do not need a war; we do not need to kill anymore LRA members. We
just need to arrest him and put him on trial to have him explain why
he was abducting children” (Observer, 2010). There is, of course, a
better COA (course of action). We need to offer top dollar for this
man’s head just like author Daniel Jonah Goldhagen has suggested in
his book Worse Than War, when he wrote, “$10 million dollars for
killing or delivering the perpetrating regime’s leader or top
leaders” (Goldhagen, 2009).

Attempting to arrest Kony is laughable. In 2005, the International
Criminal Court (ICC) issued its first indictments which charged him
with “33 counts of crimes against humanity and war crimes committed
since July 2002” when the ICC came into effect (Global, 2005). It is
now 2010 and we have not been able to arrest him yet. In other words,
it took three years to file paper work to charge this man and another
five years of trying to take him into custody. In fewer words, the
U.N. (United Nations) is slow and ineffective. This supports
Goldhagen’s work when he said that, “the U.N. (United Nations) is
ineffective at preventing genocide and therefore supports an
international system of killing genocidal agents” (Goldhagen, 2009).
It also clearly refutes Ocampo’s decision to have him arrested and
tried because that is dumb.

The best course of action (COA) then is to offer a reward or a bounty
for the head of or death of, Joseph Kony. Just like how they did it
in the Wild West. “That’s how Dad did it, that’s how America does it,
and its worked out pretty well so far” (Iron Man, 2008). The money
from the bill that United States President Barack Obama signed could
be used for said bounty. Goldhagen’s suggestion of offering a bounty
would allow for any person or group to quickly and effectively
eliminate this problem in northern Uganda. If citizens are worried
that too much of their tax dollars would be spent on this issue, then
perhaps Goldhagen’s other suggestion that an “authorative
international watchdog organization” (Goldhagen, 2009) that would
handle the trifecta of prevention, intervention, and punishment would
be a better option. This group would handle the situation at quickly
and effectively as well, not to mention that they would operate at
probably a fraction of the cost outlined in the new bill. In
conclusion, we need to stop wasting our time talking and start killing
people who need to die.

Works Cited

BBC News (2005) Profile Joesph Kony. Retrieved on June 3, 2010 from
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4320858.stm

CNN.com (2006) Anderson Cooper 360° Blog. Retrieved on June 3, 2010
from:
http://www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/anderson.cooper.360/blog/2006/02/old-horrors-young-victims.html

Global Policy Forum (2005) Warrant of Arrest for Joseph Kony
(September 27, 2005). Retrieved on June 3, 2010 from:
http://www.globalpolicy.org/international-justice/rogues-gallery/joseph-kony.html

The Observer (2010) I am waiting for evidence on Buganda Killings,
says ICC Chief. Retrieved on June 3, 2010 from:
http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8706:i-am-waiting-for-evidence-on-buganda-killings-says-icc-chief&catid=34:news&Itemid=59

Goldhagen, Daniel J. (2009) Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism,
and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity. New York: PublicAffairs

Favreau, Jon. Iron Man (2008). California: Paramount Pictures

[Rosemarie J]

Peace Now! Justice Later!
Final Essay

Rosemarie Johnson
Professor E. O’Connell / English 101, Class 3226
June 4, 2010


It is particularly relevant to the concept of International Justice
and a turning point in Uganda’s history of dictators like Idi Amin and
Milton Obame, that Uganda should be the first nation to request the
International Criminal Court’s assistance in apprehending and
prosecuting Joseph Kony, the Messianic founder of the Lord’s
Resistance Army (LRA). The International Criminal Court’s Warrant of
Arrest for Joseph Kony, issued on July 8, 2005, Article 37, specifies
the court’s jurisdiction in that, “…the government of Uganda has been
unable to arrest…persons who may have the greatest responsibility for
crimes;… and that the government of Uganda has not conducted and doe
not intend to conduct national proceedings in relation to the persons
most responsible.” (ICC’s Warrant of Arrest for Joseph Kony).
This declaration of temporal jurisdiction, while not precluding the
offer of a bounty by the United States government, under the Rewards
for Justice Program for International Criminal Tribunal fugitives,
nevertheless, the Rewards for Justice Program “strongly discourages
bounty hunters and other non-governmental individuals from pursuing
the capture of terrorists.” (Rewards for Justice: US Dept. of State).
Furthermore, due to Joseph Kony’s perceived “mystical” persona and his
core of loyal militiamen, a bounty is unlikely to prove effective. As
for Goldhagen’s drastic avowal of targeted killings, once the ICC
assumed jurisdiction, Kony became entitled to the presumption of
innocence. Moreover, given the fact that Uganda, a partner with the
United States in antiterrorism, cannot even pinpoint the location of
Kony; it is foolhardy of President Musevini to issue a statement in
defiance of his obligation as an ICC member to send Kony to The
Hague. Musevini was quoted in the (Sudan Tribune, 2010) as saying,
“If our troops get a chance of capturing Kony, he will be tried here
and hanged.” In the same newspaper, in reply to a suggestion that
Kony was in the Sudan, Musevini replied, “If the Sudanese want to
accommodate him in Darfur, that makes no difference to us.” The
government of Uganda, assured of US backed international support
efforts to disarm Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army and provide $10
million per year for a variety of disarmament and recovery efforts,
should concentrate on restoring peace and a measure of prosperity to
Uganda, while at the same time allowing the ICC’s warrant to stand as
a sword of Damocles over Kony’s head.
Consistent with Goldhagen’s suggestion that a dictator’s military
installations should be bombed, in December 2008, the Ugandan
government decided to bomb the LRA’s encampment. Despite active
assistance from the Sudanese Peoples’ Liberation Army and covert help
from the US project, Lighting Thunder, which was made up of a team of
seventeen Pentagon advisors and analysts, provided with satellite
phones, intelligence and $1 million in fuel, the Ugandan troops failed
to cut off the LRA’s escape routes and Kony vanished into the bush.
Additionally, Northern Ugandans, knowing Joseph Kony’s habit of
targeting religious institutions, voluntarily contributed to his army
in a misguided attempt to avoid attacks, thereby facilitating the
LRA’s ability to elude justice. The Ugandan army which has also been
accused of perpetrating atrocities in their search for Kony, is an
untrustworthy source of information and may well have aided the LRA.
The Ugandan people themselves have been so traumatized by the
atrocities of the past dictators that they want peace now, justice
later. Religious leaders and other organizations drafted a letter to
President Obama only two days after Obama signed the Lords’s
Resistance Army Disarmament and Northern Ugandan Recovery Act in which
they expressed their fears that, “military action has time and again
not only failed to end the conflict, but caused it to spread into
regions once immune to LRA violence, resulting in further civilian
conflict.” (All Africa, 2010). It would be highly inadvisable to go
against the express wishes of the Ugandan people for peace, just to
pursue a renegade, who is seeking refuge wherever he can find it.
With Uganda in transition from twenty years of civil conflict to
democracy, the United States should limit its efforts to aiding the
country’s implementation of its Accountability Agreement, avoiding
lethal attacks in pursuit of Kony and the LRA. If the High Court in
Kampala is seen as effective in prosecuting high level perpetrators,
Joseph Kony may lose his closest supporters to amnesty, and will
either be caught or turn himself in to the ICC as the lesser of two
judicial evils.
Despite criticism of Uganda’s 2008 Accountability and Reconciliation
Accord with its emphasis on prosecuting top members of the LRA at the
expense of addressing urgent social problems, the best course of
action for the people of Uganda is to pursue its version of a Truth
and Reconciliation Commission in much the same manner as that of
Sierra Leone. Northern Uganda, where most of the atrocities occurred,
is particularly vehement in its condemnation of the Ugandan government
for forcing them into inhumane camps and for failing to protect them
from the marauding LRA forced northward by the Project Thunder
Lightning. They also demand that the Ugandan Army be prosecuted for
the atrocities committed in search of the LRA. There are additional
problems of how to relocate 1.5 million internally displaced persons
who fled from civil war in the Sudan and the Peoples’ Republic of the
Congo. Many Ugandans, who want peace at any cost, resent the prospect
of reintegrating perpetrators who are also victims – a generation of
young boys, who have grown into manhood knowing nothing but war, into
the general population. Although the ICC indictments have been
controversial, many Ugandans believe that the ICC trials would be more
fair and credible than local trials. Although the ICC has no
jurisdiction over war crimes and crimes against humanity committed
before 2002, the involvement of the ICC has served to put pressure on
the LRA by turning their leaders into international outlaws and making
it more difficult for countries like Sudan to harbor and support the
movement. Whatever the course Uganda chooses, it should be tailored
to take into consideration longstanding tribal practices in
conjunction with English Common Law as it is practiced in Uganda. In
a statement to the Review Conference of the International Criminal
Court, Stephen J. Rapp, Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues
quoted President Obama as saying, “…we must all renew our commitments
and strengthen our capabilities to protect and assist civilians caught
in the LRA’s wake…and support those efforts to bring the LRA
leadership to justice.” (Rapp, US Department of State, 2010). This
statement would seem to imply active military intervention which would
be counter-productive to the peace process. The real challenge for
Uganda and the US is how to reconcile peace and justice, which are
both essential, without sacrificing one at the expense of the other.
References

Ocowum, D. (2010, May 28). Uganda Acholi Warn Obama on Korny
All Africa.com
Retrieved June 2, 2010 from
http://allafrica.com/stories/201005311090.html

International Criminal Court. (2005, September 27).
Warrant of Arrest for Joseph Kony issued on 8 July 2005 as
Amended on 27 September 2005
Retrieved June 2, 2010 from
http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc97185.PDF

Goldhagen, D.J. (2009). Worse Than War
United States: Public Affairs, a member of the Perseus Books Group

Rapp, S.J. (2010, June 1). Statement to the Review Conference of
The International Criminal Court
US Department of State
Retrieved June 2, 2010 from
http://www.state.gov/s/wci/us_releases/remarks/142520.htm

Rewards for Justice. (2010, June).
RFJ, the US Department of State’s Counter-Terrorism Rewards
Program
Retrieved June 2, 2010 from
http://www.rewardsforjustice.net/

Sudan Tribune. (2010, March 13). Uganda’s Kony may have moved to
Darfur, Musevini says
Sudan Tribune
Retrieved June 2, 2010 from
http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article34405

[Jose D]

The United Nations may well be the main instrument that impedes the
change of how eliminationist politics are carried out. Most Recently,
Joseph Kony, a known and notorious rebel leader for the Lords
Resistance Army has carried out yet another slaughter in December 2009
(Human Rights Watch, 2010). The United Nations must be held
accountable or changed at some point. Instead of continuing to allow
acts of elimination to be carried out freely, we must encourage
programs such as the Department of Justice’s rewards program. Although
I do not entirely support the bounty hunting principle that is at the
root of rewards for justice, in the case of Joseph Kony I consider it
to be more than appropriate. In regards to what kind of bounty it
should be, in my opinion it should be dead or alive, but with an
emphasis that he is a high value target and it is always better to
bring those in alive for questioning and to answer for their crimes.
Negligence on part of the United Nations is wrong and instead a more
proactive and aggressive ICC should be pursued and supported. A
negligent U.N. such as in the case of the most recent LRA slaughter
could potentially be saving the lives of the victims of acts of
genocide and elimination, where it not preoccupied with upholding the
long outdated principle of non intervention and the respect for other
nations sovereignty. Instead all that is occurring is that more and
more people on a daily basis have to be victimized by people like
Joseph Kony. It’s time for the rest of the world and its military
forces to combine and seek out the rewards for justice bounty. I
genuinely consider that is the leader of the LRA falls, it will
cripple the organization. Maybe there is peace on the horizon someday?
I think the best approach to this issue in Uganda (many other parts of
Africa are continuously afflicted by the LRA as well) is to combine
the effort in Senator Feingold’s bill and the Department of Justice
rewards for justice program. Trying to get him the easiest form would
be obviously the best, which would be to convince him to surrender.
That one seems highly unlikely, so the next easiest would be to abduct
him when he is in a small group. This could easily be carried out by a
small team of U.S. Army Special Forces, CIA paramilitary, Army Delta,
Navy Seals or Marine Recon. The reason that he is still at large is in
my guess that he is a very good customer to one of the transnational
capitalist giants or he is under the table being funded by them.
I think the mission put forth by the recent bill signed by Obama
previously aforementioned, is a very important and positive one with
the capacity to change the course of action and the political climate
in that region of the world. If we attempt positive reinforcement and
help, channeling negative into positive and healing those that suffer
the most in war (innocents) we are surely likely to receive a better
outcome than what we are getting in the Middle East. In regards to
some ethical dilemma with relief efforts, some experts are indicating
that the main problem with relief effort is that it is usually only
directed towards the type of things included in the bill mentioned
earlier in the paragraph (Zachary, 2008). The problem is that we are
not out there trying to capture and kill menacing and evil warlords
such as Joseph Kony. “A small team of American could swiftly end the
reign of the most vioious warlord in Africa, Joseph Kony” (Zachary,
2008, p44). As I thought the experts agree that for some reason people
don’t really want to see Joseph Kony behind bars someday. It makes me
wonder what kind of secrets he knows that the political giants don’t
want him apprehended.


The United Nations may well be the main instrument that impedes the
change of how eliminationist politics are carried out. Most Recently,
Joseph Kony, a known and notorious rebel leader for the Lords
Resistance Army has carried out yet another slaughter in December 2009
(Human Rights Watch, 2010). The United Nations must be held
accountable or changed at some point. Instead of continuing to allow
acts of elimination to be carried out freely, we must encourage
programs such as the Department of Justice’s rewards program. Although
I do not entirely support the bounty hunting principle that is at the
root of rewards for justice, in the case of Joseph Kony I consider it
to be more than appropriate. In regards to what kind of bounty it
should be, in my opinion it should be dead or alive, but with an
emphasis that he is a high value target and it is always better to
bring those in alive for questioning and to answer for their crimes.
Negligence on part of the United Nations is wrong and instead a more
proactive and aggressive ICC should be pursued and supported. A
negligent U.N. such as in the case of the most recent LRA slaughter
could potentially be saving the lives of the victims of acts of
genocide and elimination, where it not preoccupied with upholding the
long outdated principle of non intervention and the respect for other
nations sovereignty. Instead all that is occurring is that more and
more people on a daily basis have to be victimized by people like
Joseph Kony. It’s time for the rest of the world and its military
forces to combine and seek out the rewards for justice bounty. I
genuinely consider that is the leader of the LRA falls, it will
cripple the organization. Maybe there is peace on the horizon someday?
I think the best approach to this issue in Uganda (many other parts of
Africa are continuously afflicted by the LRA as well) is to combine
the effort in Senator Feingold’s bill and the Department of Justice
rewards for justice program. Trying to get him the easiest form would
be obviously the best, which would be to convince him to surrender.
That one seems highly unlikely, so the next easiest would be to abduct
him when he is in a small group. This could easily be carried out by a
small team of U.S. Army Special Forces, CIA paramilitary, Army Delta,
Navy Seals or Marine Recon. The reason that he is still at large is in
my guess that he is a very good customer to one of the transnational
capitalist giants or he is under the table being funded by them.
I think the mission put forth by the recent bill signed by Obama
previously aforementioned, is a very important and positive one with
the capacity to change the course of action and the political climate
in that region of the world. If we attempt positive reinforcement and
help, channeling negative into positive and healing those that suffer
the most in war (innocents) we are surely likely to receive a better
outcome than what we are getting in the Middle East. In regards to
some ethical dilemma with relief efforts, some experts are indicating
that the main problem with relief effort is that it is usually only
directed towards the type of things included in the bill mentioned
earlier in the paragraph (Zachary, 2008). The problem is that we are
not out there trying to capture and kill menacing and evil warlords
such as Joseph Kony. “A small team of American could swiftly end the
reign of the most vioious warlord in Africa, Joseph Kony” (Zachary,
2008, p44). As I thought the experts agree that for some reason people
don’t really want to see Joseph Kony behind bars someday. It makes me
wonder what kind of secrets he knows that the political giants don’t
want him apprehended.

[Sandy B]

Sandy bonilla
Professor O’Connell
English 101 Section 3226
June 4, 2010

Perpetrator

Many countries around the world can’t defeat or it’s
difficult for them to defeat the USA forces or Allied forces because
they have enormous forces with advances weapons that can defeat any
other minor forces quickly. The only fear and great combat enemies
that the USA forces and the Allied forces can’t easily defeat are the
Guerrillas. A Guerrilla is a small force or a small group of people
known as the “rebels” that attacks any military forces of their own
government secretly. They hide amount the innocent people so they will
be hard to find, and they do not tend to wear uniforms so they can
distinguish themselves from being rebels or enemy soldiers. Which is
difficult for the USA forces or Allied forces to win the combats
because they can’t tell amount the innocent people from which of them
are the rebels. Most of the times like in Latin America, Spain, and
Asia the Guerrillas have won their combats. Except Guerrillas don’t
win the combats in a nice way, for example in El Salvador the
Guerrillas failed many ways by killing their own people and still they
managed to take their political party on the El Salvador presidential
house, but in Spain the Guerrilla from Napoleon era was successfully
won by becoming socialism. The United Nations and International
Criminal Court are working on one of the last brutal rebel leaders
from around the world “Joseph Kony.”

Hugo Chavez is a dictator rebel leader from Venezuela that
his corruption can’t be compared to a dreadful rebel leader from
Uganda Joseph Kony who should be already arrest it. In the NYTimes,
“He stands accused of brainwashing countless children across northern
Uganda, turning the girls into sex slaves and the boys into
prepubescent killers” was published online on April 10, 2008 (Times
Topics online). Where are the mothers, or the fathers, or the parents
of these children? Kony took advantaged and abused children that
haven’t lived their lives as normal civil or let them experience their
childhood. It’s critical and horrible what this cynical criminal and
murder have done to children. Chris Ocowun from The New Vision
website, “At least 26 others [sex slaves] who were forced to be his
wives...in the 26 had produced more than 100 children with Kony” was
recently published about Kony last news. Is Kony trying to build an
army, or what? This is extremely ridiculous and injudicious that a
“predator” and “disgusting” corrupted leader can still be free amount
the innocent people. As David Goldhagen said in Worse Than War, “If he
orders or organizes or has a ministerial or command role in
institutions that take part in the eliminationish programs, then he is
a perpetrator” (Goldhagen 91). USA has many crisis domestic going on
to just focus on capturing criminal leaders, but the United Nations
isn’t only the USA, so where are these other powerful leaders from
other countries to united together in order to capture this
perpetrator. No children are safe meanwhile he’s lingering around the
streets kidnapping children and putting them to work as “sex slaves”.

Since 2005 when Kony’s “self-proclaimed” as a “prophet”, Obama
signed a law on May 24, 2010 that USA will help African nations to
capture this perpetrator Joseph Kony. “End to the brutality and
destruction...By any measure, [the LRA's] actions are an affront to
human dignity" said Obama on the day he signed a law that USA will
help African Nations to capture Kony. The USA forces can’t make
miracles, but it’s better having more people hunting this disgusting
predator Kony. The Criminal Court are trying to arrest him to put him
on trial, which he shouldn’t be put on trial. He should be just put in
jail because there are enough evidences that he’s a massacred murder
who enjoys to injured other people especially children. Even the
Criminal Court knows, “His followers have become infamous for
mutilating their victims and abducting children to be used as porters,
fighters, and sex slaves” (CSMonitor article online). Not only Joseph
Kony should be arrest it, also all his followers as Goldhagen said
they are “perpetrator”. Meanwhile the Criminal Court is wasting time
talking about trials, and United Nations trying to look like the
“cool” heroes since after the WWII should stop and as William Wang
from English 101 said, “Start killing people (perpetrators) who need
to die (be eliminated). By the way, if there are Bounty Hunters that
want to hunt Joseph Kony head for the money, then they should think
about that he never travels alone, and how do they know that Kony is
in the middle of the jungle Congo hiding if the UN and Criminal Court
doesn’t know where he is at this moment.


Reference:

Delany, Max. “Obama Commits US to helping hunt for LRA leader Joseph
Kony.” The Christian Science Monitor. May 25, 2010.
http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0525/Obama-commits-US-to-helping-hunt-for-LRA-leader-Joseph-Kony.

Goldhagen, D. J. (2009). Worse than war: Genocide, eliminationism,

and the ongoing assault on humanity. New York: Public Affairs. 91.

O’Connell. “Final exam notes and grading rubric.” English 101.
http://groups.google.com/group/english-101-spring-2010-online-sections-0143-and-3226/web/final-exam-due-65-plus-end-of-term-notes-to-all.

Ocowun, Chris. “Kony’s daughter stranded in Gulu.” The New Vision
Uganda’s Leading Website. June 4, 2010. http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/721784.
Times Topics. “People:K:Kony, Joseph.” The New York Times. April 10,
2008. http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/k/joseph_kony/index.html?offset=0&s=newest.

Wang, William. “Final Essay.” English 101.
http://groups.google.com/group/english-101-spring-2010-online-sections-0143-and-3226/browse_thread/thread/289253361e396b79.

[Justin A.]

Joseph Kony’s LRA movement has been categorized as a threat by the
International Criminal Court and has issued a warrant for his arrest.
The Lord’s Resistance Army “engaged in a cycle of violence and
established a pattern of ‘brutalization of civilians’ by acts
including murder, abduction, sexual enslavement, mutilation, as well
as mass burnings of houses and looting of camp settlements; that
abducted civilians, including children, are said to have been forcibly
“recruited” as fighters, porters and sex slaves”. Luis Moreno Ocampo
of the International Criminal Court has stated that “Without the
arrest warrant, Kony would never have left Sudan to go to the Central
African Republic. He left because we have an agreement with Sudan to
arrest him. So, he was never sincere during the peace
negotiations.” (The Observer) All the International Criminal Court did
was moving the person committing genocides and crimes against humanity
to another country and has yet to actively pursue him. I believe that
I agree with Goldhagen’s statement that “$10 million dollars for
killing or delivering the perpetrating regime’s leader or top leaders…
For the United States this would not entail a wholly new initiative
but a small though enormously efficacious alteration in its current
policy, as it has long had its Rewards for Justice program in place
targeting those wanted for terrorism”.(Worse than War) Having a
monetary reward system is faster than simply waiting for the
individual to be arrested and tried.
It has taken the United Nations a long time to even attempt to arrest
this individual. Kony has been allowed to go on with his actions
without anybody actively pursuing him or even trying to stop his cycle
of death. I strongly disagree with Ocampo when he says that “We are
trying galvanizing efforts to arrest him. We do not need a war; we do
not need to kill any more LRA members. We need to arrest Joseph Kony.
I would like to put him on trial to explain why he was abducting
children.”(The Observer) It is not so simple to arrest the head of a
terror organization such as this, especially one that has its basis in
religion. There are many people who have his support and even other
countries who are willing to shelter such an individual. He will just
move countries like he did when the Sudanese government tried to
arrest him. Ocampo’s slow and impractical methods in dealing with
Joseph Kony are a prime example why the International Criminal Court
is ineffective in eliminating eliminationists.
I believe that the most effective way is Goldhagen’s monetary reward
system. Money makes the world go around and that is what we need to
keep in mind when dealing with international architects of genocide
like Joseph Kony. We need to give the people who shelter him and who
help him an incentive to want to turn him in. What is a better
incentive than money? Even information leading to the arrest of the
individuals involved in the matter should be rewarded. Even Goldhagen
agrees when he states that “The world’s non-mass murdering countries
are wealthy and powerful, having prodigious military capabilities (and
they can band together). (Worse than War)The countries perpetrating
mass murder and eliminationist politics, or tempted to do so, are
overwhelmingly poor and weak (and each stands alone).” Furthermore
having an organization of the world’s most powerful and influential
countries creating a monetary reward program for the killing or
information about terror leaders like Joseph Kony is the most
effective and plausible solution to the problem.

Kiggundu, E. 2010, May 30. I am waiting for evidence on Bugandu

killings, says ICC chief. The Observer.

http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8706:i-am-waiting-for-evidence-on-buganda-killings-says-icc-chief&catid=34:news&Itemid=59
Goldhagen, D. J. (2009) . Worse than war: Genocide,

[Diana K]

Diana Kovinsky
English 101
Section #0143
Professor O'Connell

Targeted Killing, Targeted Education

For over 20 years a large portion of Uganda's terror held and led by
a man known as Joseph Kony. In 1987 Kony formed a resistance group
called the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). The LRA has been at civil war
against the Ugandan government ever since. Kony had promised that
Uganda's law will be based on the Biblical Ten Commandments. Kony's
LRA had violently kidnapped over 20,000 children for the purpose of
making an army out of them, or simply making them sex slaves. Today,
Kony is wanted for the charge of crimes against humanity, and a reward
is offered for any information that might lead to his capture. The
question that rises a debate around the subject is: how should Kony be
treated when he'll be caught? Should he be targeted chased and killed
or should he stand a fair trial in court?
According to Luis Moreno Ocampo, the Prosecutor of the International
Criminal Court (ICC) an arrest and trial are the appropriate
approach. “We are trying galvanising efforts to arrest him. We do not

need a war; we do not need to kill any more LRA members. We need to
arrest Joseph Kony. I would like to put him on trial to explain why he

was abducting children.” The writer of the book Worse Than War,
Daniel Goldhagen, suggest a different approach, because in his eyes
laws and court have been proved as non-effective when it comes to
crimes against humanity. In his book, Goldhagen wrote that “The
international community’s stance toward mass exterminationist and
eliminationist politics has been so limited, weak, and ineffective
that it actually permits, tolerates, and encourages eliminationist
politics.” History had proven many times that Goldhagen is probably
right. So many leaders were put to trial for their crimes, yet many
others came to power by repeating those crimes. There is not a good
enough punishment that would make people such as Kony to think twice
before they even launch their eliminationist ideas in their minds.
The main focus should be Kony and the people of Uganda. The people
of Uganda need to be educated in order to prevent the brain wash of
LRA. Furthermore, there is a big urge to save the children who had
been enslaved and brain washed by LRA. Those children just like the
children of Sierra Leone, need to tell their stories in order to
educate other children their age against war.
As for Kony, he should be targeted for death, as well as his closest
counselors. There is no fair trial for crimes such as those. A
murderer cannot give a good explanations for abducting so many
people. Even if he had a good explanation, it won't bring back those
whom he had tortured and killed, and won't erase the nightmares of
those who dream. The memories of Kony's victims just worsens from
story to story. “For a long time, the rebels took turns at beating us
men with hot metal, and raping the girls. I was already spiritually
dead. They returned to me at some point and re-tied me before
chopping off my lips. They then cut off my right ear and my nose...
That evening I remember seeing my fellow female abductees crying. One
of them had been killed and another had had her breast cut off.” (LRA
Victim)
I agree with Goldhagen who claims that, “$10 million dollars for

killing or delivering the perpetrating regime’s leader or top leaders…
For the United States this would not entail a wholly new initiative

but a small though enormously efficatious alteration in its current

policy, as it has long had its Rewards for Justice program in place

targeting those wanted for terrorism.” As long as the lives of
leaders such as Kony aren't put into a real danger by the entire
world, many other eliminationist leaders will come to power with no
problem. Moreover, a reward should be offered for capturing the
people who work for eliminationist leaders. Those are the people who
should stand a trial and face the judges decision about the future of
their lives. Since they cooperate with their leaders, they might want
to continue the killings their leaders started. Thus, they should be
sentenced to death as well. So many trials have been proven infective
in the past, and all that due to the fact that people who kill other
people don't care about the law. Genocide will continue in the world
at any moment we don't do anything about it. Many children grow into
terrorist ideals and it will be even harder for us to pull them out of
this murderous cycle. There is no time to waste on arguing about laws
and corrections, since the next human disaster is right around the
corner.
Although my ideas might sound a little extreme, as someone who came
from a country where terrorism is a daily danger, I don't believe that
there is a better way than death to deal with eliminationist leaders.
So many trials have been proven ineffective in the past, and all that
due to the fact that people who kill other people don't care about the
law. Education had opened my eyes to greater ideas and knowledge,
therefore, it can open a wide window of opportunities for children in
countries where elimination was all their learned. I might be wrong
in my ideas, but if we won't try we'll never know how many lives we
could have saved already.









Work Cited

Goldhagen, D. J. (2009). Worse than war: Genocide, eliminationism, and

the ongoing assault on humanity. New York: Public Affairs.

Kiggundu, E. (2010). “I am waiting for evidence on Uganda killings,
says ICC chief.” The Observer:
http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8706
Ochen, V. (2006). LRA victim: 'I cannot forget and forgive'. BBC News:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5129350.stm

[Raul A]

Raul Aficionado
English 101 - #0143
Prof. Ed O’Connell
Final Exam


The best course of action for the ICC concerning Joseph Kony and the
LRA is to capture them by all means possible. Dead or alive. Enough
is enough, it has been almost 23 years of this unending battle causing
thousands of lives of people. He enslaved 35,000 or more children,
burned villages, killing, raping and kidnapping men and women. How
many more people will die before he can be stopped?

Since the warrant was issued by ICC in 2005, he is still nowhere to be
found. He seems to know how to get away. Now, for 5 years since the
warrant was issued and nothing happened, a bounty should be offer.
According to Goldhagen, “$10 million dollars for killing or delivering
the perpetrating regime’s leader or top leaders.” This could be the
next step to capture Joseph Kony. He should be targeted to be killed,
dead or alive it doesn’t matter. But for the ICC judge in a recent
interview, he explain why arrest and trial for Joseph Kony are the
appropriate approach, he said, “I would like to put him on trial to
explain why he was abducting children.” With all the news since the
beginning for his rebellion, it is obvious why he was abducting
children. The ICC judge is unbelievable, was he trying to be funny?
The best approach for Joseph Kony is dead or alive.

The Lord’s Resistance Army disarmament and Northern Uganda recovery
act by Feingold’s bill is very detailed and very clear. No wonder the
President of the United States signed this bill. It is time for the
United States to act or to help the people of Uganda. They suffered
over two decades already because of Joseph Kony. Hopefully all will
be in order since the President of the United States signed this bill.

[Meagan Judkins]

Meagan Judkins

English #3226

FINAL

June 5, 2010

 

Perhaps one of the most difficult aspects regarding the solutions that Goldhagen offers in "Worse Than War" is that they require human beings, who are basically unaffected, show great benevolence and compassion.  Especially when it comes to matters of money and resources, most people are simply to far away from the problems to care, in other words, out of sight equates to out of mind.  I completely admire Goldhagen for his tenacious fight for the unheard victims of genocide.  I unfortunately fear that Goldhagen’s only hope is to work directly with outfits such as the ICC and the United Nations as opposed to berating them, that and what he is already doing, which is trying tirelessly to inform the public. Of the solutions he offers, the one that stands to me to make the most sense, is offering a bounty for anyone engaging in genocidal actions, this allows for the assumption that the people supporting a murderous leader are more concerned with money than they are with loyalty.  This is most likely going to be true.  I think that if it becomes a broad worldwide known fact that if you engage in any kind of genocide you will be brought to justice by either imprisonment or death, the amount of money actually spent fulfilling cash rewards would become overtime, less and less of an issue. These violent acts would become less frequent.  As it stands now, a man like Joseph Kony feels safe in his terrorist actions, because, what punishment is there?  None.

 

I know that people often want to focus on their own countries; people again, are safe in their blindness, what they do not understand or know to be true cannot make them feel guilty.  But this world is a small place and we must ban together as a species to ensure, if only because of compassion and moral obligation, that genocide is not happening in our world.  We as Americans believe that a person is allowed the right of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.  This does not need to be only an American dream.  I believe as stated by Luis Moreno Ocampo, a current ICC judge,  we must arrest Joseph Kony.  Not because I feel mercy, but because I feel that we should make an example out of him, create a highly publicized case.  Let his capture be the starting point of this change in the United Nations and ICC.  If we cannot easily locate him for arrest, offer a reward of 10 million dollars for his capture.  Let every newspaper write on this bounty, make it know to the world his evil doings, and that we as a species are making a stand.

 

Warrants and arrest are pointless if they aren’t issued and carried out immediately.  To put out a warrant and then wait a year is ridiculous.  These people in power who are instigating violence need to know that they will be brought to justice, and swiftly.  I disagree with Goldhagen in saying that we should offer the public rewards for the murder of a leader engaging in genocidal acts.  I do believe that when after searching, issuing warrants, and publicizing the wanted person proves to be unsuccessful then more extreme measures can be taken.  But in my opinion a life spent in a prison is far worse than the ease of death. Not to mention, suggesting murder by civilians is dangerous.  This can create chaos and more violence.  The bill put forward by the Obama administration is excellent, extremely charitable and most importantly, it is necessary.  If we decide to involve ourselves enough to take Kony out of power, then we must think of the mess he will leave behind.  I fully support this bill.  Obviously the answer to removing an evil foreign power is not easy; however, we must do something.  This is our moral responsibility and I fully support taking a strong stand in finding a solution.

 

References:

 

Kiggundu, Edris.  Sunday 30 May 2010.  “I am waiting for evidence on Buganda Killings says ICC Chief”

 

Feingold, Sen. R. 2009, May 19. S1067: Lord’s Resistance Army disarmament and Northern Uganda recovery act. US Senate

 

Goldhagen, D. J. (2009). Worse than war: Genocide, Eliminationism,

and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity. New York: Public Affairs.  91.

 

http://www.nndb.com/people/398/000022332. Retrieved June 4th, 2010

--
Meagan Judkins

[patrick d]

Patrick D
Final Ess
#3226

In the past decades, numerous war and acts of crimes against humanity
have occurred throughout the world. As a result, thousands of
innocent people have been tortured and murdered. Hundreds of women
have been molested and raped. Many children have been abducted,
manipulated, and killed. Infamous names like Hitler, Pol Pot, Mao,
Kony and the likes have marked their legacy into this world. Their
prominence and leadership have prospered. Many have taken their own
lives, escaped or lived freely in spite of their crimes. They have
made history, but the fact still remains that they are eliminationists
who need to pay the price of their injustice. The arrest and trial of
these perpetuators have to transpire.
Daniel Goldhagen, in his book, Worse than War, suggested for
eliminationists to
“ be hunted down until killed or arrested, with a bounty on their
heads ranging from $100,000 to $10 million dollars”. (Goldhagen, p587)
Putting a price to one’s head does not necessarily mean stopping the
evils of war. It can halt one person from doing such acts, but the
cycle of revenge and tyrrany may be continued on by their
subordinates. Killing the leaders may trigger their subordinates to
carry out revengeful acts to the other party. Hatred begets hatred.
Rage after rage. Retaliation has brought about different wars. The use
of arms and ammunition have severed more lives. Infliction of damage
to lives and properties have been done all over the world:
Afghanistan, Cambodia, Germany, Middle East, Uganda, etc. Perpetuators
were killed , but war hasn’t stopped. Iraq’s Saddam Hussein was
captured and killed in Iraq. According the CIA, “two top al Qaeda
officials are believed dead following a New Year's Day drone attack in
northern Pakistan”(Ryan), however the feud still lingers on , and
continue to haunt a lot of people.
The United Nations, according to Goldhagen, is “having a hard time
facilitating positive moral developments” ( Goldhagen, p.588), thus
his suggestion for the bounty.
To prevent crime, the international community came together to put up
a court that would settle acts of crime, war and genocide. “The
International Criminal Court (ICC), governed by the Rome Statute, is
the first permanent, treaty based, international criminal court
established to help end impunity for the perpetrators of the most
serious crimes of concern to the international community.” (About the
Court) In spite of its structure though, many cynics are still
questioning its abilities to stop perpetuators of these wars and how
to bring the victims justice. The establishment of such a court, in
perspective would bring a certifiable claim to persecute the many
eliminationists. In spite of their harsh crimes, the call for fair
trials and justice are a voice of the many. In a global forum, Richard
Dicker, International Justice director at Human Rights Watch, calls
the ICC to follow benchmarks , such as the serious crimes committed in
Uganda. His suggestions include: “credible, independent and impartial
investigation and prosecution; rigorous adherence in principle and
practice to international fair trial standards; and penalties that are
appropriate and reflect the gravity of the crimes, i.e. prison
sentences that are substantial but observe international human rights
standards of detention.” ( Uganda ) Suggestion of an alternative to
international courts are also heard. Lissa Hajjar, writes in another
forum: enhancing the “extradite or try option in international law;
expanding and improving on the use of ad hoc tribunals under the
auspices of regional legal systems; and promoting class action suits
on behalf of victims in countries with suitably accommodating legal
systems”. (Hajjar) She believes her “constructive suggestions for
alternative courses of legal action to pursue justice, punish
perpetrators of grave human rights abuses and enhance the enforcement
of international laws.” ( Hajjar )
Men are not born killers. We all enjoy the simple ideals of life.
“Joseph Kony was not the brightest student, but he had a sense of
humor, he was pleasant, polite, loved soccer (football) and he was one
of the best Larakaraka dancers (traditional Acholi Dance) and he loved
when others cheered him on”. (Who is..) Adolph Hitler, “as a child,
tirelessly played "Cowboys and Indians" and, by his own account,
became fixated on war after finding a picture book in his father's
things”. (Adolph) They were but ordinary men, who have succumbed to
the wronged ideals, brought about by needed approval, acceptance and
desperation. The article of Dan Jones started with a quote saying,
“It is scientifically incorrect to say that we have inherited a
tendency to make war from our animal ancestors … that war or any other
violent behaviour is genetically programmed into our human nature…
[and] that humans have a ‘violent brain’”. ( Jones ) These were the
“words of the Seville Statement on Violence, fashioned by 20 leading
natural and social scientists in 1986 as part of the United Nations
International Year of Peace, and later adopted by the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)”. ( Jones )
Psychological studies have claimed that it is in men’s nature to kill
for survival. Men’s history of violence have haunted us with killings
by the chimpanzees to men’s civil and world wars. However, men have
grown to have moral judgement. Therefore, persecution of
eliminationists, is not an option. Change can be done though fair
trials. Upheaval of the persecuted and trial of the perpetuators can
eliminate other crimes that may trigger elsewhere.
Efforts of the ICC to arrest Joseph Kony took place. Much ado should
be done in action. Torment and grief should be upheaved by continuous
rehabilitation, in the case of the victims. It is but appropriate to
follow the recovery efforts stated at the recently signed bill by the
Obama administration. $10 million dollars is a big help to the
victims, however the effort to disarm Kony’s LRA through violence is
unacceptable.
Although the studies of The Seville statement says that men have
‘violent brain’, that they favor war, “evolution has also furnished us
with a moral sense. The complexities of the relationship between
morals and violence may prove a fruitful field for future research, in
as much as they can be disentangled from the social and historical
factors that clearly hold great sway over the ultimate levels of
violence. Evolution is not destiny; but understanding it could help
maintain the hard-to-discern progress of peace.” ( Jones) Kony and
the many perpetuators of war can be subject to fair trial. Change is
not inevitable for men have the capability of changing their destiny
as they choose to. Eliminationists come and go, in any nick of time,
but is up to the majority to succumb to the ideals we believe will
make this world right. The balance is weighed. We can put them into
trial, put them behind bars, and let them recover like the victims.
They may, or they may not. Let the natural bounty take its course.


Works Cited:

About the Court. International Crime Court. Web. Accessed 2 Jun 2009.

<http://www.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ICC/About+the+Court/>

Adolph Hitler. Wikipedia. Web. Accessed 2 Jun 2009.

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler#Childhood>

Goldhagen, Daniel. Worse than War.

Hajjar, Lisa. Alternatives To An International Criminal Court. Middle
East Research &

Information Project.MERIP Forum. Web. Accessed 3 Jun 2009.

<http://www.merip.org/international_criminal_court/icclisa.htm>

Jones, Dan. Killer Instincts. Nature Journal. Accessed 3 Jun 2009.

<http://www.unl.edu/rhames/courses/war/readings/killer%20instinct
%20nature.pd f>

Ryan, Jason. Schwartz, Rhonda.Chuchmach, Megan. Top Al -Qaeda Targets
Reportedly

Dead After U.S. Air Strikes. ABC News. Web. Accessed 2 Jun 2009.

<http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/story?id=6607572&page=1>

Uganda: Any Alternatives to ICC. Global Policy Forum. Web. Accessed 3
Jun 2009.

<http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/164/28636.html
Who is Joseph Kony? Kabiza. Web. Accessed 2 Jun 2009.

http://kabiza.com/WhoIsJosephKony.html

[patrick d]

I definitely agree that killing creates chaos and more violence.
Tribulations of the accused and putting them behind bars can be a
moment of reflection and change for all. It gives us all a moral
responsibilty and a chance to check our own ideals. It makes a
difference for all people concerned. Time for healing and change.
Death is not a solution. Recovery will take a long process, nut every
minute counts for a positive resolution.

[BORIS KZ]

" Attempting to arrest Kony is laughable. " Really laughable!

So if international society BELIEVES that announced program “Reward
for Justice” [5] will work to stop Joseph Kony (for Usama bin Ladin it
does not work) it could be considered as the best option. But by my
opinion, in support of international participation, the local special
operation in Uganda or any LRA military base would be much effective.

> BBC News  (2005) Profile Joesph Kony.  Retrieved on June 3, 2010 fromhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4320858.stm

>
> CNN.com  (2006) Anderson Cooper 360° Blog.  Retrieved on June 3, 2010

> from:http://www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/anderson.cooper.360/blog/2006/02/old-...

>
> Global Policy Forum  (2005) Warrant of Arrest for Joseph Kony

> (September 27, 2005).  Retrieved on June 3, 2010 from:http://www.globalpolicy.org/international-justice/rogues-gallery/jose...

>
> The Observer  (2010) I am waiting for evidence on Buganda Killings,

> says ICC Chief.  Retrieved on June 3, 2010 from:http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8...

[Jayne R]

Jayne Ramirez
English 101 Final
Professor O’Connell

Is $11,000 the right reward to bring forth information leading to the
capture of person who has formed a group that has kidnapped an
estimated total of 20,000 children to be fighters or used as sex
slaves. One would clearly disagree, but according to the Ugandan Army
that is the price for Joseph Kony (NNDB tracking). Joseph Kony first
formed the group, Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) in 1987. This group is
determined to overthrow the Ugandan government and replace it with a
regime that will implement the group’s brand of Christianity (Lord’s
Resistance Army). The LRA has lead brutal attacks and raids in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo and southern Sudan. These raids prey
on civilians and kidnap children, forcing them to become servants,
porters, fighters and sex slaves. They have also lead to thousands of
lost lives. Joseph Kony is one of the top 15 most wanted people in the
world. On Oct 6, 2005 the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued a
warrant for his arrest for 33 counts of crimes against humanity.
Daniel Goldhagen, the author of the Book Worse than War, believes the
ICC is flawed and the best way to eliminate mass murder is through
targeted killings or bounties. Allowing targeted killings would be
condoning mob justice.

Goldhagen believes if countries place bounties on these leaders’ heads
that it will help end eliminationism. He states a crucial measure of
placing bounties on these leading perpetrators, namely all these
institutions’ leaders and close subordinates would ensure they would
never again sleep peacefully. One could argue that groups and regimes
do not consist of one man and if killed another will just rise to
power. These people are in these groups because they really believe
what they are following is right. The people of the Lord’s Resistance
Army believe that Uganda should be ruled according to the Biblical 10
Commandments and willing to implement brutal acts of violence to make
it way. If Joseph Kony gets captured or murdered, a new leader will
just rise to power. Bounties and targeted killings seem morally
correct in the sense of ending one life to save many, but they are
unjust. A better solution to ending violent acts in countries like
Uganda would be to reform their justice systems. A bill signed by
President Obama mentions the need to improve the capacity of the
justice system in Northern Uganda, including the courts and penal
systems.

An alternative approach would be to provide more education and media
coverage about Joseph Kony and the Lord’s Resistance Army. This can be
done through news coverage throughout the United States and Europe.
Also, having “movie stars” as advocates for a cause against the LRA
would be beneficial to raising money to help end the violence in
Uganda.


References:
Goldhagen, Daniel. Worse Than War. Public Affairs. New York. 2009
BBC News. Profile: Joseph Kony. Online. 6/4/2010.
http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetool/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4320
Lord’s Resistance Army. Online. 6/4/2010 http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/Ira.htm
NNDB tracking the entire world: Joseph Kony. Online. 6/4/2010
http://www.nndb.com/people/398/000022332/
Top 10 Most Wanted & Dreaded World Criminals. Online. 6/4/2010
http://www.listzblog.com/top_ten_most_wanted_world_criminals_list.html