Download Superscan

[Paula Shuffleburg]

Asuperscan is an imaging appearance on a Tc-99m diphosphonate bone scan which occurs as a result of a high ratio of bone to soft tissue tracer accumulation. Intense osteoblastic activity in the bones causes diminished renal and background soft tissue uptake.

A metastatic superscan tends to have uptake throughout the axial skeleton and proximal appendicular skeleton, often somewhat heterogeneous. In contrast, a metabolic superscan tends to be more uniform and involve both the axial and more peripheral skeleton, including the distal extremities, calvarium, and mandible.

The site is secure.

The ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Introduction: Bone scintigraphy (BS) is an important tool for detecting bone metastasis. BS with diffuse increased skeletal radioisotope uptake with absent or faint urinary tract and soft tissue activity is defined as a superscan. In this review, we investigate the different etiologies causing superscan and the reported frequency of superscan among different disease entities.

Materials and methods: The search terms were 'bone' AND 'superscan' OR 'superscan' in the PubMed database from 1980 to November 2020. Eligibility criteria included the following: Peer-reviewed studies containing original data using 99mTc-phosphate-analogue BS reporting a superscan pattern. Unretrievable papers, imaging modalities other than BS or with insufficient information to assess the aetiology were excluded. The abstracts of every paper and full texts of potentially eligible papers were assessed independently by three observers.

Results: Sixty-seven papers were included (48 case reports and 19 cohort studies). Studies conducted in patients with osteomalacia or skeletal fluorosis revealed superscan in all patients. Other benign causes of superscan were hyperparathyroidism and kidney disease. Among papers with malignant cause, prostate cancer was the most common cause, followed by gastric cancer. The frequency of superscans ranged from 1.3% in a cohort of mixed cancer types up to 2.6% in patients with gastric cancer and up to 23% in a cohort of prostate cancer patients.

Conclusion: Superscan is most frequently seen in prostate cancer, but numerous other cancers and metabolic bone diseases can cause superscan, which should be kept in mind when encountering an unexpected superscan on BS.

Superscans on bone scintigraphy have been described mostly in metastatic and metabolic bone diseases, with different patterns and appearances of radiotracer uptake. This is a report of bone scintigraphy demonstrating superimposed metastatic and metabolic superscan in a patient with prostate cancer, who subsequently developed renal osteodystrophy. Two years after the first bone scintigraphy showing multiple metastases, the patient developed renal insufficiency, hyperphosphoremia, and hypocalcemia. Repeat bone scintigraphy demonstrates significantly different appearance from that of the first study. Caution should be exercised when interpreting a bone scintigraphy in patients with known malignancy and coexisting renal failure or metabolic bone disease. Superimposed appearances of metastatic and metabolic superscan may obscure recognition of osseous metastases.

The Superscan's predecessor was an unnamed program that Jeremie wrote between "X.A.N.A. Awakens" and "Teddygozilla". This version had to be run manually, was a supplement to having Aelita look for Towers, and couldn't get a tower's exact coordinates. This flaw became an issue in "End of Take", when X.A.N.A. created an illusion of a tower next to a real one.

The Superscan is a program written by Jeremie sometime between "False Start" and "New Order". It was written so Aelita didn't have to stay on Lyoko all the time and could have some kind of life. Unlike the previous version, this version constantly ran automatically, and would inform Jeremie whenever a tower activated, hence it being called the Superscan. This upgraded version also gave the coordinates of the activated tower in question.

After X.A.N.A. escaped the Supercomputer in "The Key", Jeremie updated the Superscan again. This modified version was able to detect X.A.N.A.'s approximate activity. In Straight to Heart, X.A.N.A. was detected somewhere in North America.

After the first Replika was discovered in "Maiden Voyage", Jeremie updated the Superscan to look for Replikas as well as active towers. When active towers were found on Replikas, it would report them as standard.

In "Kadic Bombshell", due to Brynja modyfing the Virtualization Enhancement Program, the Superscan was giving false alarms and would detect the activated towers even if the picked up tower wasn't activated at all.

After X.A.N.A. revealed itself in "X.A.N.A. 2.0", Jeremie restarted the superscan. This was what first detected the Cortex. At one point, it was revealed that the code for checking for activated towers and the code for determining tower locations is a different code. In "Chaos at Kadic", the program detected an activated tower without any issues, but wasn't able to determine the location of the tower, until Laura figured out that it was on the Cortex.

We herein describe a rare case of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia with an 18florine-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) skeletal superscan-like appearance. The degree of bone marrow uptake was so intense that it far exceeded the level of physiological cerebral uptake and radiourinary activity. The distribution was remarkably similar to a superscan seen on skeletal scintigraphy. Skeletal superscans of 18F-FDG PET/CT have been reported in hematological diseases, solid tumors with extensive bone metastasis, and metabolic diseases. Thus, we reviewed the PET/CT images of cases reported, indicating that more homogeneous distribution, without primary tumor and specific mandibular and skull activity, may be suggestive of hematological diseases.

Copyright 2024 Hu, Dai, Wang, Feng, Feng and Li. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

N2 - Introduction: Bone scintigraphy (BS) is an important tool for detecting bone metastasis. BS with diffuse increased skeletal radioisotope uptake with absent or faint urinary tract and soft tissue activity is defined as a superscan. In this review, we investigate the different etiologies causing superscan and the reported frequency of superscan among different disease entities.Materials and methods: The search terms were 'bone' AND 'superscan' OR 'superscan' in the PubMed database from 1980 to November 2020. Eligibility criteria included the following: Peer-reviewed studies containing original data using 99mTc-phosphate-analogue BS reporting a superscan pattern. Unretrievable papers, imaging modalities other than BS or with insufficient information to assess the aetiology were excluded. The abstracts of every paper and full texts of potentially eligible papers were assessed independently by three observers.Results: Sixty-seven papers were included (48 case reports and 19 cohort studies). Studies conducted in patients with osteomalacia or skeletal fluorosis revealed superscan in all patients. Other benign causes of superscan were hyperparathyroidism and kidney disease. Among papers with malignant cause, prostate cancer was the most common cause, followed by gastric cancer. The frequency of superscans ranged from 1.3% in a cohort of mixed cancer types up to 2.6% in patients with gastric cancer and up to 23% in a cohort of prostate cancer patients.Conclusion: Superscan is most frequently seen in prostate cancer, but numerous other cancers and metabolic bone diseases can cause superscan, which should be kept in mind when encountering an unexpected superscan on BS.

AB - Introduction: Bone scintigraphy (BS) is an important tool for detecting bone metastasis. BS with diffuse increased skeletal radioisotope uptake with absent or faint urinary tract and soft tissue activity is defined as a superscan. In this review, we investigate the different etiologies causing superscan and the reported frequency of superscan among different disease entities.Materials and methods: The search terms were 'bone' AND 'superscan' OR 'superscan' in the PubMed database from 1980 to November 2020. Eligibility criteria included the following: Peer-reviewed studies containing original data using 99mTc-phosphate-analogue BS reporting a superscan pattern. Unretrievable papers, imaging modalities other than BS or with insufficient information to assess the aetiology were excluded. The abstracts of every paper and full texts of potentially eligible papers were assessed independently by three observers.Results: Sixty-seven papers were included (48 case reports and 19 cohort studies). Studies conducted in patients with osteomalacia or skeletal fluorosis revealed superscan in all patients. Other benign causes of superscan were hyperparathyroidism and kidney disease. Among papers with malignant cause, prostate cancer was the most common cause, followed by gastric cancer. The frequency of superscans ranged from 1.3% in a cohort of mixed cancer types up to 2.6% in patients with gastric cancer and up to 23% in a cohort of prostate cancer patients.Conclusion: Superscan is most frequently seen in prostate cancer, but numerous other cancers and metabolic bone diseases can cause superscan, which should be kept in mind when encountering an unexpected superscan on BS.

3a8082e126