Anticancer Pdf

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Catherin Bergan

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Aug 5, 2024, 5:45:51 AM8/5/24

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Cancer is one of the leading cause of death worldwide ( ) and the frightening statistics underscore the need to examine the novel anticancer agent and modes of therapy1,2,3. The major goal of modern oncology program is to discover better anticancer entities with novel modes of action. Ideally, anticancer drugs should specifically target cancer cells without any toxic effect against normal cells but, unfortunately, most of the available anticancer drugs display severe side effects. Moreover, development of multidrug resistance by cancer cells4,5 makes the situation even more critical. Therefore, to tackle this grim situation, considerable efforts are being made throughout the world over past several years to discover novel and better therapeutic candidates for cancer therapy. In this context, recent utilization of small peptides in cancer treatment6,7 has been attracted a lot of scientific attention as cancer therapeutics.

A large number of naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from various sources have been reported in the literature that displayed anticancer properties8,9,10. In fact, in the recent past, many live or attenuated bacteria were patented as potential anticancer agents11,12,13. Additionally, microbial products including toxins, enzymes, antibiotics, various proteins, peptides and other low molecular weight products have also been evaluated for their anticancer properties12,14. Various bacterial peptides with antimicrobial activity were also demonstrated activity against cancer cells15,16,17,18,19, however, only a few of these peptides characterized in detail for anticancer activity20,21,22. AMPs produced by bacteria are relatively amenable to bioengineering and demonstrated considerable therapeutic efficacy23,24, therefore, such peptides are considered as promising agents for anticancer therapies19,25,26,27. Most of these AMPs, also known as bacteriocins, are reported to be non-cytotoxic and non-hemolytic in nature28,29. Accordingly, AMPs produced by members of the genus Brevibacillus, particularly Brevibacillus laterosporus produces defensin like antimicrobial peptides30, antibiotics like laterosporamine31, acyl dipeptides like tupuselei amides, antifungal polyketides like basilisk amides32, lipopeptide antibiotic like tauramamide33, cyclodecapeptides like laterocidin and its analogues34 which inhibits growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, novel thrombin inhibitors like bacithrocins A, B and C35 and anticancer antibiotic like spergualin are also reported from strains of B. laterosporus36.

LS10, a defensin like class IId bacteriocin, was isolated from Brevibacillus sp. strain SKDU10 and found to inhibit microbial pathogens but did not found cytotoxic towards macrophages37. Therefore, in the present study we have made an attempt to explore the anticancer potential of defensin like bacteriocin LS10. Sequence alignment of LS10 with other known anticancer defensins demonstrated that cysteine residues are conserved in position with LS that showed typical disulfide bonding pattern with human β-defensins, a key feature defensin like peptides.

The peptide was extracted from Brevibacillus sp. strain SKDU10 and purified as mentioned previously37. Amino acid sequence of LS10 was compared and aligned with laterosporulin and other human defensins with anticancer properties using Bioedit software ( ).

Financial assistance from the Department of Biotechnology (grant no. DBT/In-Bz/2013-16/16/SO-R1) is duly acknowledged and also the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR network project BSC-119, Human microbiome; Man as superorganism). We thank Dr. Mohammad Askandar Iqbal, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi for useful discussions and National Center of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, for sharing the cancer cell lines. We thank Ms. Sumeeta Kumari for help in maintainance of the cell lines. We also thank Mr. Anil Theophilus and Randeep Sharma for their help in electron microscopy.

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The purpose of this guidance is to provide information to assist in the design of an appropriate program of nonclinical studies for the development of anticancer pharmaceuticals. The guidance provides recommendations for nonclinical evaluations to support the development of anticancer pharmaceuticals in clinical trials for the treatment of patients with advanced disease and limited therapeutic options.

This multi-stakeholder forum brings together researchers, industry partners, investors, and regulatory bodies under the same roof, making the event essential for any professional involved in the development of new anticancer drugs.

Since the ICH guidance S9 Nonclinical Evaluation for Anticancer Pharmaceuticals was finalized (ICH S9 or ICH S9 guidance), all parties using the guidance have experienced some challenges with implementation of the recommendations on nonclinical evaluation for anticancer pharmaceuticals. This question-and-answer guidance is intended to facilitate the implementation of ICH S9, as well as to continue progress in the 3Rs of Reduction, Refinement, and Replacement in the use of animals.

Meaning In seeing no improvements in survival among practices with highest rates of treatment for very advanced disease, oncologists may hesitate before offering additional therapy and focus on open and honest communication about prognosis, allowing patients to make informed decisions.

Importance Two prominent organizations, the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the National Quality Forum (NQF), have developed a cancer quality metric aimed at reducing systemic anticancer therapy administration at the end of life. This metric, NQF 0210 (patients receiving chemotherapy in the last 14 days of life), has been critiqued for focusing only on care for decedents and not including the broader population of patients who may benefit from treatment.

Objective To evaluate whether the overall population of patients with metastatic cancer receiving care at practices with higher rates of oncologic therapy for very advanced disease experience longer survival.

Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, patients with metastatic or advanced cancer treated at practices with higher NQF 0210 rates did not have improved survival. Future efforts should focus on helping oncologists identify when additional therapy is futile, developing goals of care communication skills, and aligning payment incentives with improved end-of-life care.

Dr. Jared Meacham is a registered dietitian, fitness professional, and educator. He manages the global fitness programming for an international development institution, teaches at the university level, and practices dietetics in a variety of settings.

Instead, it has been limited to test-tube, animal, and observational studies that either investigated the effects of cruciferous vegetables or the effects of a specific compound in broccoli. Thus, more studies are needed.

Summary: Broccoli contains sulforaphane, a compound that has been shown to cause tumor cell death and reduce tumor size in test-tube and animal studies. A greater intake of cruciferous vegetables may also be associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer.

The authors of one study published in 1986 analyzed the diets of 1,266 participants with and without lung cancer. They found that current smokers who did not eat carrots were three times as likely to develop lung cancer as those who ate carrots more than once per week.

Summary: Beans are high in fiber, which may help protect against colorectal cancer. Human and animal studies suggest that a higher intake of beans could reduce the risk of colorectal tumors and colon cancer.

Including 1/2 to 1 teaspoon (tsp), or 2 to 4 grams (g), of cinnamon in your diet each day may be beneficial in cancer prevention and may also have other benefits, such as lowering blood sugar and decreasing inflammation.

Summary: Test-tube and animal studies suggest that cinnamon extract may have anticancer properties and may help decrease the growth and spread of tumors. But more research in humans is needed.

In a 2015 review of studies with a total of 30,708 participants who were followed for up to 30 years, researchers concluded that eating nuts regularly was associated with a decreased risk of colorectal, pancreatic, and endometrial cancers.

Summary: Some studies suggest that an increased intake of nuts may decrease the risk of cancer. Research suggests that some specific types, such as Brazil nuts and walnuts, may be linked to a lower risk of cancer.

Replacing other oils in your diet with olive oil is a simple way to take advantage of its health benefits. You can drizzle it over salads and cooked vegetables or try using it in marinades for meat, fish, or poultry.

Though these studies suggest that there may be an association between olive oil intake and cancer, other factors are likely involved as well. More studies are needed to examine the direct effects of olive oil on cancer in humans.