That's very strange. Is it possible an older build is loaded by the profiler (maybe it's in the cache?). Try building to a new name and profiling that maybe.
To see exactly what's going on, you can run wasm-dis or wasm2wat to disassemble the wasm file, and see if functions have names there. For example, here is what things look like on a hello world program without and with --profiling:
- (import "wasi_snapshot_preview1" "fd_write" (func $fimport$0 (param i32 i32 i32 i32) (result i32)))
+ (import "wasi_snapshot_preview1" "fd_write" (func $__wasi_fd_write (param i32 i32 i32 i32) (result i32)))
- (export "__wasm_call_ctors" (func $1))
+ (export "__wasm_call_ctors" (func $__wasm_call_ctors))
- (func $1 (; 6 ;)
+ (func $__wasm_call_ctors (; 6 ;)
- (call $fimport$3)
+ (call $__handle_stack_overflow)