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The National Water Model (NWM) is a hydrologic modeling framework that simulates observed and forecast streamflow over the entire continental United States (CONUS), southern Alaska (Cook Inlet, Copper River Basin, and Prince William Sound regions), Hawaii, Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands. Additionally, it produces total water level guidance for the coastlines of those same regions except Alaska. The NWM simulates the water cycle with mathematical representations of the different processes and how they fit together. This complex representation of physical processes such as snowmelt and infiltration and movement of water through the soil layers varies significantly with changing elevations, soils, vegetation types and a host of other variables. Additionally, extreme variability in precipitation over short distances and times can cause the response on rivers and streams to change very quickly. Overall, the process is so complex that to simulate it with a mathematical model means that it needs a very high powered computer or supercomputer in order to run in the time frame needed to support decision makers when flooding is threatened.
The core of the NWM system is the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)-supported community Weather Research and Forecasting Hydrologic model (WRF-Hydro) . It ingests forcing from a variety of sources including Multi-Radar/Muti-Sensor System (MRMS) and Stage IV Multisensor Precipitation Estimator (MPE) radar-gauge observed precipitation data, and High Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) , Rapid Refresh (RAP) , North American Mesoscale Nest (NAM-Nest) , Global Forecasting System (GFS) and Climate Forecast System (CFS) Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) forecast data. WRF-Hydro is configured to use the Noah-MP Land Surface Model (LSM) to simulate land surface processes. Separate water routing modules perform diffusive wave surface routing and saturated subsurface flow routing on 100m to 250m grids, and Muskingum-Cunge channel routing down National Hydrography Dataset River analyses and forecasts are provided across a domain encompassing the CONUS, the Great Lakes Drainage Basin, Hawaii, Puerto Rico / USVI, southern Alaska, and additional hydrologically-contributing areas. Land surface output is available on a larger CONUS+ domain that extends beyond the CONUS into Canada and Mexico (roughly from latitude 19N to 58N), and covers southern Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico / USVI as well. United States Geological Survey (USGS) and United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) streamflow observations are assimilated into several of the analysis and assimilation configurations, with the others serving as open-loop (non-data-assimilation) configurations. All analysis and forecast configurations benefit from the inclusion of over 5,000 reservoirs, with the CONUS short- and medium-range forecasts ingesting RFC-supplied forecasts of reservoir outflow at several hundred locations. Additionally, aiding model assessment and informing model application, open-loop forecast configurations (CONUS and Alaska medium-range, Puerto Rico and Hawaii short-range) are initialized with conditions from the open-loop analyses.
Starting with version 3.0 of the NWM, a new routing capability supports linkage of NWM freshwater modeling capabilities to a coastal-estuary model, the Semi-implicit Cross-scale Hydroscience Integrated System Model (SCHISM). Atmospheric forcing is drawn from the existing set of NWM forcing data described below, while ocean forcing is drawn from the Surge and Tide Operational Forecast System (STOFS) and Probabilistic Tropical Storm Surge (P-SURGE) models. This approach is applied over the East, Gulf and Pacific coasts of the CONUS, along with the coastlines of the Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and US Virgin Islands, within the Analysis and Assimilation, Short-Range, and Medium-Range forecast configurations. It provides enhanced guidance to emergency responders and improves the accuracy of NWM-based flood inundation maps along the coast.
Forced with meteorological data from the HRRR and RAP models, the Short Range Forecast configuration cycles hourly and produces hourly deterministic forecasts of streamflow and hydrologic states out to 18 hours. The model is initialized with a restart file from the Analysis and Assimilation configuration and does not cycle on its own states.
The Medium Range Forecast configuration is executed four times per day, forced with GFS model output. Member 1 extends out to 10 days while members 2-6 extend out to 8.5 days. This configuration produces hourly and 3-hourly deterministic output and is initialized with the restart file from the Analysis and Assimilation configuration.
The Medium Range Blend Forecast configuration is executed four times per day, forced with output from the NBM (precip) and GFS (other fields) models. This run extends out to 10 days in forecast length. This configuration produces hourly and 3-hourly deterministic output and is initialized with the restart file from the Analysis and Assimilation configuration.
Forced with meteorological data from the NAM-NEST (SW and LW) and WRF-ARW (all other fields) models, the Hawaii Short Range Forecast configuration cycles two times per day (00Z and 12Z) and produces hourly deterministic forecasts of streamflow and hydrologic states out to 48 hours. The model is initialized with a restart file from the Hawaii Analysis and Assimilation configuration and does not cycle on its own states.
Forced with meteorological data from the NAM-NEST (SW and LW) and WRF-ARW (all other fields) models, the Puerto Rico Short Range Forecast configuration cycles two times per day (06Z and 18Z) and produces hourly deterministic forecasts of streamflow and hydrologic states out to 48 hours. The model is initialized with a restart file from the Puerto Rico Analysis and Assimilation configuration and does not cycle on its own states.
Forced with meteorological data from the HRRR-AK and NBM, the Short Range Forecast configuration cycles every three hours and produces hourly deterministic forecasts of streamflow and hydrologic states out to 15-hours (0/6/12/18Z cycles) and 45-hours (3/9/15/21Z cycles). The model is initialized with a restart file from the Analysis and Assimilation configuration and does not cycle on its own states.
NWM total water level output is provided in both NetCDF as well as SHEF format. Each NetCDF file contains full TWL domain output for one output time step, while each SHEF file contains timeseries station output for the full length of each simulation.
NCEP encourages all users to ensure their decoders are flexible and are able to adequately handle changes in content order and also any volume changes which may be forthcoming. These elements may change with future NCEP model implementations. NCEP will make every attempt to alert users to these changes prior to any implementations.
A subset of the NWM model and coastal module parameter files used by the operational implementation of the NWM is available. To download a tar file of the available NWM parameter files, click here, and to download the coastal module parameters, click here. A description of the NWM and coastal parameters can be found here.
The Office of Water Prediction (OWP) National Water Center provides water information products from version 3.0 of the National Water Model (NWM). Information about NWM products available through the OWP website can be found in this Product Description Document. Advisory: NWM products do not yet fully incorporate anthropogenic influence and should be used with some caution. The NWM is currently undergoing extensive validation and verification to identify where scientific updates to the model can make the most improvement. For more information about the NWM, go here.
Please note, the mapping interface and NWM products and web services are experimental. In addition to products from the NWM (streamflow, soil saturation), two products from the National Snow Analysis (snow depth, snow water equivalent) are available, as well as several useful reference maps from various sources. OWP is seeking to improve the availability and quality of its products and services based on user feedback. Comments regarding any of the experimental NWM products and web services should be submitted to the contact email below.
The OWP also provides a range of NWS official water information through the following web sites.
- Official river observations and forecast information:
- Snow Information:
- Precipitation Frequency Estimates:
EPA's Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is used throughout the world for planning, analysis, and design related to stormwater runoff, combined and sanitary sewers, and other drainage systems. It can be used to evaluate gray infrastructure stormwater control strategies, such as pipes and storm drains, and is a useful tool for creating cost-effective green/gray hybrid stormwater control solutions. SWMM was developed to help support local, state, and national stormwater management objectives to reduce runoff through infiltration and retention, and help to reduce discharges that cause impairment of waterbodies.
SWMM contains a flexible set of hydraulic modeling capabilities used to route runoff and external inflows through the drainage system network of pipes, channels, storage/treatment units and diversion structures. These include the ability to do the following:
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