Some new academic papers on development issues in Vietnam - 2014 July 15 issue

[nv...@worldbank.org]

Some new academic papers on development issues in Vietnam - 2014 July 15 issue

**Agriculture, forestry and aquaculture

Advocating forestland use rights in Vietnam: Documenting the work of The Forest Peoples Land Rights Network (LandNet).
Advocating forestland use rights in Vietnam: Documenting the work of The Forest Peoples Land Rights Network (LandNet).
LandNet, 2014.

Abstract: This paper documents the opportunities and constraints for the Forest Peoples Land Rights Network (LandNet) in advocating forestland rights, in order to discuss the lessons learned over the previous two decades. Working on the sensitive issue of the struggle over forestland use rights LandNet was able to establish a bottom-up network that includes various stakeholders in this struggle. LandNet is based upon an informal network of motivated forest people established during the work of the three local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) who together form the Livelihood Sovereignty Alliance (LISO). LandNet works on issues about forestland use rights at the grassroots of Vietnamese society. –

Based in six provinces, LandNet is focused on the strengthening of the community by organizing capacity-building activities to make forest people aware of their rights and the duties of government. During these activities as workshops, meetings, and exchange visits LandNet helps to make the community aware of their political, legal, and social capabilities.  Creating awareness makes the community confident to ask for, and to protect their rights. Also, by including local authorities as members in its network LandNet has the ability to get directly involved in the decision-making process, and is able to influence this process ensuring that the outcomes will benefit the livelihoods of forest people. Furthermore, LandNet can rely on a large external network of friends and advisors that is used to get advice or information. Lastly, LandNet works as an advisory partner for several national government institutions, and maintains good relationships with journalists. –

This paper shows two examples of sub-LandNets at the grassroots in Son Kim commune and Hanh Dich commune. Looking at the lessons learned these cases show the importance of a strong community that is aware of the problems in their area, and understands their legal rights and the duties of local authorities. Furthermore, the examples show the importance of a confident community that is willing to speak out during open meetings, and support local authorities representing them in closed meetings. The examples also display the need for LandNet to establish good relationships with local authorities to give them an understanding of the importance of their duties and to ask them to base their decisions upon the law. –

In conclusion, to strengthen the network, investments by LandNet in human resources will be of great importance. Firstly, as the sheer volume of work increases, they need more people. Secondly, in advocating against the money-driven opponents in the struggle for forestland use rights LandNet needs support in investing in the legal capacity of the network. Free full text http://cirum.org/upload/medias/file_.compressed.pdf.

Agricultural extension and technical efficiency of tea production in northeastern Vietnam.
Agricultural extension and technical efficiency of tea production in northeastern Vietnam.
Nguyen Van Phu and Nguyen The To. Working Papers of BETA (Bureau d'Economie Théorique et Appliquée) UDS Strasbourg, 2014.

Abstract: This study uses the stochastic production frontier to analyze technical efficiency of tea production in northeastern Vietnam. Our study estimated that the average technical efficiency of tea production is very low, only about 32%. Technical efficiency can be improved by having a training on sale skills whereas it can be negatively a?ected by access to information on tea market. The results indicated that there are a big potential for improving technical efficiency in tea production by using the available inputs and technology. For the purpose of improving efficiency, efforts should be made on agricultural extension (keeping the current form of training on sale skills, modifying the provision of information on tea market). Producers are also recommended to be more careful on the adoption of tea variety for their cultivation. . Free full text http://www.beta-umr7522.fr/productions/publications/2014/2014-11.pdf.

Building an enabling environment for food safety in informal markets in India and Vietnam: the role of capacity strengthening.
Building an enabling environment for food safety in informal markets in India and Vietnam: the role of capacity strengthening.
Ma. Lucila Lapar, Rameswar Deka and others. Clore Management Centre Prepared for the 4th Annual LCIRAH Conference: Agri-food policy and governance for nutrition and health, Birkbeck College, London, 3-4 June 2014, 2014.

Free full text PPT file http://www.lcirah.ac.uk/sites/default/files/lucila%20lapar%20LCIRAH%20conference%20London%203%20June%202014.pdf.

Cost monitoring to promote the value added for clam raising farmers in the Northern area of Vietnam.
Cost monitoring to promote the value added for clam raising farmers in the Northern area of Vietnam.
Bui Thi Nga, Tran Thu Hoai and others. 2-3 September 2014 Prepared for the 6th International Conference on Agribusiness Economics and Management, University of the Philippines Mindanao, 2014.

Abstract: Clam farming in coastal provinces of Vietnam has notably developed since the last decade. It generated high income, improve socio-economic development for many local communities. However, many clam raising farms are facing difficulties of farm management, disease control, markets and systems of quality control. This research aims to study about the real situation of cost monitoring in the clam raising farms in the Northern area of Vietnam and suggest some recommendation for apply a suitable model for cost monitoring to promote the value added for farmers. The paper based on the semi-structure, standard questionnaires and PRA method to collect data from 89 clam raising farms in two coastal provinces (Nam Dinh and Thai Binh) in the Northern area of Vietnam in 2014. The findings show that clam raising provides farmers a chance of getting high income parallel with high risk. There were 32.15% surveyed farms got profit, 32.14% of them met the breakeven and 35.71% was lost. The study finds out four key factors affecting farms’ economic performance and efficiency. The first is capacity of farm cost control as the cost for clam raising was very high at 8,142 to 9,190 USD per ha. The second is the farmers’ experience, skill, technique and ability of risk control. The third is low, unstable market price and unsuitable market channel with the dominant of the traders. Final factors is the area and location of clam raising. Despite of these difficulties, 55.14% surveyed farms still want to expand their production, 25% of them will continue, and only 17.86% will stop or change to other activities. In order to promote the value added for clam raising farmers, cost control should be paid more attention, improvement of the farmers’ capacity is necessary, and market should be regarded. [bt...@hua.edu.vn / hieu...@gmail.com].

Integrating multi-source data for a tropical forest inventory—a case study in the Kon Tum region, Vietnam.
Integrating multi-source data for a tropical forest inventory—a case study in the Kon Tum region, Vietnam.
Eero Muinonen, Juho Pitkänen and others. Australian Forestry, 2014, pp. 1-13.

Abstract: This article presents a processing chain for forest volume mapping based on multi-source forest inventory methodology and the existing inventory data collected from the Kon Tum region, Vietnam. The modelling framework for imputing tally tree heights was built based on a mixed-effects height generalisation model. Mapping of the stem volume was based on nearest neighbour techniques (k-NN) and Landsat TM data after relative calibration with MODIS image material as underlying reference. The use of optical image materials, together with the demanding conditions set by a tropical forest structure, resulted in a moderate root mean square error value (76.6%) for the stem volume. The resulting volume maps, which were based on an objective estimation procedure, create the appropriate model dataset needed for testing the optimal large-scale inventory designs of forthcoming forest inventories that will be carried out in Vietnam. [t-f].

Rubber Expansion and Forest Protection in Vietnam.
Rubber Expansion and Forest Protection in Vietnam.
To Xuan Phuc and Tran Huu Nghi. Tropenbos International Viet Nam and Forest Trends, 2014.

Abstract: The rubber sector development strategy to 2015 and vision to 2050, approved by the Prime Minister in 2009, seeks to increase Vietnam’s rubber plantation area to 800,000 ha by 2020, producing a total volume of 1.2 million tons of latex and earning approximately 2 billion USD in export revenue. Presently, statistical data on area, output volume, and total export value have significantly exceeded projected figures. There are a number of reasons for this failure, in particular the fact that potential economic benefits from future latex exports need to be taken into greater account. “Rubber Plantation Development and Natural Forest Protection in Vietnam” provides an in-depth analysis of the impacts of the expansion of rubber plantation (in Central Highlands and the Northwest) on forest resources, household livelihoods, and communities as a whole, noting the socio-economic and cultural impacts in areas where rubber plantations have expanded. In the Central Highlands, as much as 79% of the new rubber plantations were established on natural forestland not necessarily classified as poor forests; the conversion of natural forest to rubber plantation was perpetrated not only by rubber companies but also with the favor of certain local government bodies, while local populations typically do not share in the benefits that current rubber development models provide. The Government of Vietnam has identified the conversion of forests to plantations of industrial crops such as rubber as one of the five drivers of deforestation and degradation in the country. Presently, Vietnam is actively participating in various international initiatives such as the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) and Forest Law Enforcement, Governance, and Trade (FLEGT) programmes. Forest governance should be intensified through close and effective collaboration between the forestry and rubber sectors as well as between the various vertical levels of each sector. [Phuc&Nghi-2014]. Free full text http://www.forest-trends.org/documents/files/doc_4671.pdf.



**Economic development

Diversification across ASEAN-wide sectoral and national equity returns.
Diversification across ASEAN-wide sectoral and national equity returns.
Faruk Balli, Hatice Ozer Balli and Mong Ngoc Luu. Economic Modelling, 2014, volume 41, pp. 398-407.

Abstract: This paper examines the effects of local and global shocks on the sector indices and national returns of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) by using the univariate AR-GARCH model. We find that regional and global shocks have different influences on the ASEAN-wide sector and national equity indices. There is evidence that the ASEAN-wide sectoral returns are mostly driven by local shocks, except for the insurance and technology sectors. The volatility of Singapore's and Vietnam's national returns mostly results from their own shocks rather than local and global shocks. Applying the trend spillover model, this paper also shows that the effects of regional and global shocks on return volatility have been decreasing for almost all ASEAN-wide sectors' equity indices, while the trend for the volatility spillover effects of those shocks are positive and significant for the production and industries group sectors, as well as the food and beverage sector. Comparing the variance ratios of ASEAN sectoral and national returns, it is evident that the percentage of national equity returns belonging to their own shocks is higher than that of sectoral returns, indicating that investors might be better off diversifying their assets across countries rather than sectors in ASEAN area. This finding is consistent with the results of the mean–variance frontiers, as the portfolio composed purely of ASEAN national returns has a stronger efficiency frontier than a portfolio of all ASEAN-wide sector equity returns. By using the spanning and intersection tests, the paper also indicates that adding ASEAN national equity returns might improve the efficiency frontiers of investors' holding portfolios. [sci].

Dynamics of Business Cycle in Vietnam: A comparison with Indonesia and Philippines.
Dynamics of Business Cycle in Vietnam: A comparison with Indonesia and Philippines.
Le Thanh Ha. MPRA Paper No. 57010, 2014.

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to analyze the dynamics of business cycle features and investigate the main source of macroeconomic fluctuations in Vietnam, and then make comparison to Indonesia and the Philippines. In the first task, the business cycle features are evaluated by properties of data, including volatility, persistence and comovement after taking Hodrick-Prescott (HP) filter in 2 periods: before and after the global financial crisis in 2008. Results indicate that these properties mostly concentrate on second period (2008-2013) in Vietnam, whereas the Asian Financial Crisis leads to a high volatility and persistence in Philippines and Indonesia. In order to identify the sources of macroeconomic fluctuations, the study adopts the Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) with data covered from 1996 to 2013. The evidence for countries suggests that (i) the main source of output variance is domestic supply shocks but there is a significant decrease in long-run; (ii) The fluctuations of trade balance are mostly due to external shocks, especially term of trade shocks in Vietnam, as opposed to Philippines and Indonesia where IS shocks play an important role; (iii) The fluctuations of real exchange rate are mainly driven by the domestic shocks but internal causes of each country are different; (iv) the most two important sources of price’s movements are domestic shocks, especially IS and nominal shocks in Vietnam. Free full text http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/57010/2/MPRA_paper_57010.pdf.

Enhancing the Accurate of Grey Prediction for GDP Growth Rate in Vietnam.
Enhancing the Accurate of Grey Prediction for GDP Growth Rate in Vietnam.
Chia Nan Wang and Van Thanh Phan. Computer, Consumer and Control (IS3C), 2014 International Symposium on, 2014.

Abstract: Based on the grey theory, grey prediction models, which are GM (1, 1), have been adopted to predict the Vietnamese GDP growth rate index and modified GM (1, 1) using Fourier series called "FRMGM (1, 1)" for improving the accuracy of forecast model. A forecasting the growth rate of Vietnam GDP from 2013-2015 has also been conducted based on the previous data (from 2000 to 2012) to serve as a reference for government authority in formulating policies as well as orienting development in the future. All data source is collected from the website of the Asian Development Bank. Through simulation results, this study showed that the FRMGM (1, 1) is an excellent model in forecasting models using with average accuracy of predict is 92.72%. Hence, the FRMGM (1, 1) model is strongly suggested in forecasting the GDP growth rate in Vietnam.

Regulating the negative externalities of enterprise cluster innovations: lessons from Vietnam.
Regulating the negative externalities of enterprise cluster innovations: lessons from Vietnam.
J. J. Voeten and W. A. Naudé. Innovation and Development, 2014, pp. 1-17.

Abstract: Innovation has been acknowledged as contributing to development, in particularly inclusive innovations that involve and benefit poorer groups in developing countries. However, such innovations may have negative externalities. Most often external regulation is required to reduce these effects. However, it is often not enough, and in many developing countries the required institutional context is not present to enable external regulation. Hence, a case may be made for internal regulation of inclusive innovation. Helping to fill the gap in our knowledge on internal regulation of innovation externalities in developing countries, we explore four cases of innovation in informally organized small producers? clusters Vietnam. From this we propose a model of internal regulation as a societal process. [t-f].

Transfer of ‘Western’ Institutions to a Transition Economy Context: Experiences from the Vietnamese Petroleum Sector.
Transfer of ‘Western’ Institutions to a Transition Economy Context: Experiences from the Vietnamese Petroleum Sector.
Hege Merete Knutsen. Forum for Development Studies, 2014, pp. 1-23.

Abstract: The article addresses possibilities and challenges in the transfer of "western" institutions to a transition economy context. It examines how the transition economy context and attention to context can explain the outcome of a health, safety and environment (HSE) project that was implemented in the petroleum sector in Vietnam 1997-2011. This was part of a larger programme to convey insights and experiences from the Norwegian petroleum sector to petroleum-rich developing countries. Norwegian attention to context and Vietnamese adjustments of Norwegian experiences made it possible to enhance competence and systematic thinking on HSE in Petrovietnam (PVN) and to develop a more modern regulatory framework for HSE. The fact that PVN still holds a strong political position in Vietnam's market-oriented state socialism has facilitated this and ensured fast enactment of the regulations. Implementation of the new regulatory framework in the industry has been more demanding however. Control of information as a basis of power is important in explaining this. Moreover, the industry complains that enforcement of the regulations develop at a slower pace than norms and cognition in the part of the industry that competes internationally. The findings clearly underscore the notion that institutions may at best be imported, never exported. [t-f].

A Unified Framework for the Estimation of Intra and Inter Country Food Purchasing Power Parities with Application to Cross C...
A Unified Framework for the Estimation of Intra and Inter Country Food Purchasing Power Parities with Application to Cross Country Comparisons of Food Expenditure: India, Indonesia and Vietnam.
Amita Majumder, Ranjan Ray and Kompal Sinha. discussion paper 31/14 Economics Department at Monash University, 2014.

Abstract: This paper proposes a preference based methodology, analogous to the estimation of equivalence scales in the demographic demand literature, for the estimation of the item specific intra country PPPs (i.e. spatial prices) and inter country PPPs in a unified framework using unit records of household food expenditures from three Asian countries: India, Indonesia and Vietnam, covering contemporaneous time periods. The study addresses a key limitation of the ICP exercise, namely, treating all countries, large and small, as homogeneous entities. Moreover, it (i) directly calculates bilateral PPPs between countries based on their expenditure patterns and prices alone and (ii) directly estimates the Price Level Indices (PLI) and their standard errors allowing formal tests of the hypothesis of PLI being unity. The usefulness of the estimated PPPs is illustrated by applying them to comparisons of real food expenditures between the three countries, and benchmarking the comparisons with those using the ICP PPPs. Free full text http://www.buseco.monash.edu.au/eco/research/papers/2014/3114unifiedmajumderraysinha.pdf.

Evaluating impact of waste factors on project performance cost in Vietnam.
Evaluating impact of waste factors on project performance cost in Vietnam.
Ha Duy Khanh and SooYong Kim. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 2014, pp. 1-11.

Abstract: Non value-adding activities, also known as wastes, have not been paid much attention in the current construction management. Previous studies have shown that significant amounts of project values were lost due to these wastes. This study mainly aims to examine the effect of waste factors on project performance cost. A survey was carried out through a structured questionnaire. The respondents are been experienced people in construction and management of building projects. The results of factor analysis showed that there are five principal components extracted with 56.7% of variance explained for all waste factors in construction projects. The mean value of increased project cost due to these wastes is approximately 9.36% of total project cost. An artificial neural network model was developed to estimate the impact of waste factors on project performance cost. The results of analysis showed that the difference between predicted value and actual value is quite small. The Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) is 1.35%, and the R-squared index is 91.1%. Based on elasticity test, five main waste factors were also discovered in this study. A comparison between some selected countries was then performed to gain a general view about waste problem in construction. [spr].

Meeting the Challenges for Franchising in Developing Countries: The Vietnamese Experience.
Meeting the Challenges for Franchising in Developing Countries: The Vietnamese Experience.
Nguyen Ba Binh and Andrew Terry. Journal of Marketing Channels, 2014, volume 21, number 3, pp. 210-221.

Abstract: While business format franchising is the industry standard for developed countries, it remains an aspiration for many developing countries. Despite the attraction for developing countries of systems, training, and support and despite the economic and regulatory infrastructure being in place for the development of business format franchising, a range of commercial and socio-cultural factors may conspire to prevent its full expression. This paper addresses franchising development in Vietnam, a developing country. It considers strategies to bridge the gap between Vietnamese franchise practice and franchising best practice. It proposes that in Vietnam's current state of development, the product and trade name model may be the appropriate starting point with a move to the business format model only when, and in places where, the socio-cultural, commercial, and economic factors and the legal environment can accommodate more sophisticated business format franchise arrangements. [t-f].

The Selection of Strategic Alliance Partner in Vietnam Garment Industry Using Grey Theory and DEA.
The Selection of Strategic Alliance Partner in Vietnam Garment Industry Using Grey Theory and DEA.
Thi Nham Le, Ying Fang Huang and Chia Nan Wang. Computer, Consumer and Control (IS3C), 2014 International Symposium on, 2014.

Abstract: This study applies an assessment model to measure the efficiency of companies in Vietnam garment industry based on Grey theory (GM (1, 1)) and data envelopment analysis model. The objective of this research is to provide an effective method to find the right strategic partners. Total 11 companies of garment industry are chosen with realistic data collected from financial statements of Vietnam published stock market during period 2007 to 2010. Firstly, the GM (1, 1) is employed to predict the inputs and outputs factor. Secondly, Slack based measure of supper efficiency (Super-SBM) model is applied to help the target company to find the right partners. The empirical results show that companies who have better efficiencies do not guarantee them to get the good performance after alliances, companies with low-mid efficiencies may have the chance to put in efforts for alliances because they may get some benefits for both candidate and target companies. This study could give companies some recommendations about how to improve productivity as well.



**Education and training

Proactive Assessment for Collaboration Success: A Government–Academia–Industry Joint Training Project.
Proactive Assessment for Collaboration Success: A Government–Academia–Industry Joint Training Project.
Teresa L. Ju, Yao Chin Lin and Nhu-Hang Ha. SAGE Open, 2014, volume 4, number 3.

Abstract: This study describes a government–academia–industry joint training project that produces Vietnamese midlevel technical managers. To ensure collaboration success, a proactive assessment methodology was developed as a supplement to the conventional project management practices. In the postproject feedback, the funding agencies acknowledged that the project fulfilled its contractual obligations and achieved its objectives. The implementing university was pleased as it broke ground in this type of collaboration in Taiwan. The industrial partners, however, were not so sure about the effectiveness of this collaborative training endeavor because there were many skirmishes between company supervisors and Vietnamese interns caused by the interns’ self-interested perception and expectation. Consequently, a theoretical framework for predicting internship acceptance and preventing unfavorable perceptions was proposed to strengthen the proactive assessment methodology. Collaboration research, funding agencies, academia, and industry could all benefit from this study. Free full text http://sgo.sagepub.com/spsgo/4/3/2158244014541780.full.pdf.

Vietnamese higher education in the context of globalization: Qualitative or quantitative targets?
Vietnamese higher education in the context of globalization: Qualitative or quantitative targets?
Huong Le. The International Education Journal: Comparative Perspectives, 2014, volume 13, number 1.

Abstract: The adoption of a more market-oriented economy has paved the way for the Vietnamese education system to undergo continuous change for more than twenty years. This paper sets out: (1) to examine the impacts of globalization and liberalization on the education sector in developing countries, with a main focus on Vietnam, and (2) to determine how the education sector in Vietnam is adapting to globalization and liberalization by examining key reforms implemented in the higher education sector. This paper argues that to adapt to liberalization, the Vietnamese higher education sector needs to adopt a holistic approach to reforming the sector, such as reforms to curricula, access, research and development, and capacity building, rather than focusing mainly on achieving quantitative targets as is outlined in the Vietnam’s Higher Education Reform Agenda. [Huong-2014].

Children’s Multidimensional Health and Medium-Run Cognitive Skills.
Children’s Multidimensional Health and Medium-Run Cognitive Skills.
Elisabetta Aurino and Francesco Burchi. Young Lives Working Paper 129, 2014 June.

Abstract: This paper engages in the debate on the effects of children’s health on their education in later life stages in low- and middle-income countries. Using three rounds from the rich panel data of the Young Lives study in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam, it endorses a multidimensional approach to health (and poverty in general). In detail, the paper has a fourfold objective: (1) to explore whether the positive relationship between children’s height and cognitive skills at pre-school and primary-school age found in previous studies holds in our sample of countries, too; (2) to assess whether additional health and nutrition indicators, rarely available or used in the existing literature, are significantly associated with later cognitive achievements; (3) to examine whether the whole contribution of children’s multidimensional health to mid-term cognitive attainments can be adequately summarised by a composite deprivation index; (4) to investigate some of the possible channels through which early childhood health may affect cognitive skills. –

In line with the main literature, the estimates show a positive, highly significant effect of the height-for-age of children between 6 and 18 months on almost all the dependent variables at both pre-school and primary-school age. The expansion of the informational basis to a multidimensional perspective proved to be informative, too. In particular, weight-for-height, proxy for acute malnutrition, is an important predictor of children’s learning outcomes, especially in India, Peru and Vietnam. However, the final health variable, indicating whether the child had experienced a serious illness, helps to explain only Maths scores in Vietnam. We then constructed an aggregate health-deprivation index, based on a revised version of the Alkire-Foster method. While it is associated with a variety of outcomes in the various countries, the index proved to be substantially less informative than the 'suite of indicators'. –

Finally, the paper sheds some light on the factors mediating the relationship between early childhood health conditions and mid-run cognitive abilities. In particular, it suggests that the level of formal education attended/completed is an important channel. However, in most of the cases, the inclusion of variables related to schooling in the estimates does not overrule the association between early health and middle-run cognition, which points to the persistent effects of health and nutrition in infancy on life-course skills formation. Free full text http://www.younglives.org.uk/publications/WP/child-multidimensional-health-and-cognitive-development.



**Environment

Capitalist Expansion and the Decline of Common Property Ecosystems in China, Vietnam and India.
Capitalist Expansion and the Decline of Common Property Ecosystems in China, Vietnam and India.
Fraser Sugden and Samantha Punch. Development and Change, 2014.

Abstract: This article identifies some of the multiple processes of capitalist development through which access to common property resources and their utility for communities are undermined. Three sites in upland Asia demonstrate how patterns of exclusion are mediated by the unique and selective trajectories through which capital expands, resulting in a decline of common property ecosystems. The process is mediated by economic stress, ecological degradation and political processes such as state-sanctioned enclosure. The first case study from Shaoguan, South China, indicates how rapid capitalist industrialization has depleted the aquatic resource base, undermining the livelihoods of fishing households yet to be absorbed into the urban working class. At the second site, in Phu Yen, Vietnam, capitalist development is limited. However, indirect articulations between capitalism on the lowlands and the peasant economy of the uplands is driving the commercialization of agriculture and fishing and undermining the utility of communal river and lake ecosystems. In the third site, Buxa in West Bengal, India, there is only selective capitalist development, but patterns of resource extraction established during the colonial period and contemporary neoliberal ‘conservation’ agendas have directly excluded communities from forest resources. Restrictions on access oblige them to contribute subsidized labour to local enterprises. The article thus shows how communities which are differentially integrated into the global economy are excluded from natural resources through complex means. [wiley].

Assessment of Natural Resources Use for Sustainable Development - DPSIR Framework for Case Studies in Hai Phong and Nha Tra...
Assessment of Natural Resources Use for Sustainable Development - DPSIR Framework for Case Studies in Hai Phong and Nha Trang, Vietnam.
Tran Dinh Lan, Do Thi Thu Huong and Cao Thi Thu Trang. Solutions for environmental contrasts in coastal areas (SECOA), 2014, volume 6.

Abstract: In Vietnam, the DPSIR framework applied for the two ecosystems of Hai Phong (mangroves and coral reefs) and coral reef ecosystem in Nha Trang City show that the ecosystems have been changed and got degraded under more pressures caused by socio-economic development in coastal and marine areas. The changes and the degradation have been under the pressures of the increasing environmental pollution and conversion of coastal natural habitats into man-made ones, mainly due to the activities of aquaculture, development of sea ports and associated industrial zones, massive tourism, urbanization and deforestation. Consequently, biodiversity, nursery grounds, number of biological species and coral cover have been decreased and lost. Responses to the degradation of these valuable ecosystems, several actions have been done by the Central Government of Viet Nam such as issuing the Law of Environment Protection (1994, 2005), Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP), Law of Fisheries and under law related regulations; Establishment of Marine Protected Area (MPA) system with some pilot MPAs implemented, including Nha Trang Bay MPA, Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve. At local authorities, Bans on coral collection were issued by Khanh Hoa Provinces that Nha Trang City belongs to and Hai Phong City. Free full text http://digilab2.let.uniroma1.it/ojs/index.php/SECOA/article/view/146.

Challenges to institutionalizing strategic environmental assessment: The case of Vietnam.
Challenges to institutionalizing strategic environmental assessment: The case of Vietnam.
Daniel Slunge and Trang Thi Huyen Tran. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2014, volume 48, pp. 53-61.

Abstract: Building on new institutional theory, this paper develops an analytical framework for analyzing constraints to the institutionalization of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) at four different institutional levels. The framework is tested in an empirical analysis of the environmental assessment system in Vietnam, which is a frontrunner among developing countries regarding the introduction and use of SEA. Building on interviews with Vietnamese and international experts, as well as an extensive literature review, we identify institutional constraints which challenge the effective use of SEA in Vietnam. We conclude that commonly identified constraints, such as inadequate training, technical guidelines, baseline data and financial resources, are strongly linked to constraints at higher institutional levels, such as incentives to not share information between ministries and severe restrictions on access to information and public participation. Without a thorough understanding of these institutional constraints, there is a risk that attempts to improve the use of SEA are misdirected. Thus, a careful institutional analysis should guide efforts to introduce and improve the use of SEA in Vietnam and other developing countries. The analytical framework for analyzing constraints to institutionalization of SEA presented in this paper represents a systematic effort in this direction. [sci].

Effect of Poverty on the Relationship between Personal Exposures and Ambient Concentrations of air pollutants in Ho Chi Minh...
Effect of Poverty on the Relationship between Personal Exposures and Ambient Concentrations of air pollutants in Ho Chi Minh City.
Sumi Mehta, Hind Sbihi and others. Atmospheric Environment, 2014.

Abstract: Socioeconomic factors often affect the distribution of exposure to air pollution. The relationships between health, air pollution, and poverty potentially have important public health and policy implications, especially in areas of Asia where air pollution levels are high and income disparity is large. The objective of the study was to characterize the levels, determinants of exposure, and relationships between children personal exposures and ambient concentrations of multiple air pollutants amongst different socioeconomic segments of the population of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Using repeated (N=9) measures personal exposure monitoring and determinants of exposure modeling, we compared daily average PM2.5, PM10, PM2.5 absorbance and NO2 concentrations measured at ambient monitoring sites to measures of personal exposures for (N=64) caregivers of young children from high and low socioeconomic groups in two districts (urban and peri-urban), across two seasons. Personal exposures for both PM sizes were significantly higher among the poor compared to non-poor participants in each district. Absolute levels of personal exposures were under-represented by ambient monitors with median individual longitudinal correlations between personal exposures and ambient concentrations of 0.4 for NO2, 0.6 for PM2.5 and PM10 and 0.7 for absorbance. Exposures of the non-poor were more highly correlated with ambient concentrations for both PM size fractions and absorbance while those for NO2 were not significantly affected by socioeconomic position. Determinants of exposure modeling indicated the importance of ventilation quality, time spent in the kitchen, air conditioner use and season as important determinant of exposure that are not fully captured by the differences in socioeconomic position. Our results underscore the need to evaluate how socioeconomic position affects exposure to air pollution. Here, differential exposure to major sources of pollution, further influenced by characteristics of Ho Chi Minh City’s rapidly urbanizing landscape, resulted in systematically higher PM exposures among the poor. [sci].



**Gender

Recourse Seeking and Intervention in the Context of Intimate Partner Violence in Vietnam: A Qualitative Study.
Recourse Seeking and Intervention in the Context of Intimate Partner Violence in Vietnam: A Qualitative Study.
Sidney Ruth Schuler, Rachel Lenzi and others. Journal of Family Issues, 2014.

Abstract: This qualitative study examines attitudes toward recourse seeking and intervention in cases of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in periurban Vietnam. The data come from 20 open-ended interviews, 4 focus group discussions, and 40 cognitive interviews conducted with married men and women. The findings indicate that many people hold contradictory beliefs and inconsistent attitudes about IPV and IPV intervention. Also, most informants know about the law against domestic violence in the abstract, but have limited knowledge of, and confidence in, potential mechanisms for recourse provided under the law. Strategies intended to undermine IPV and promote recourse seeking and intervention in Vietnam should be strategically designed to address ambivalence concerning IPV and recourse, and there should be a focus on changing norms associated with masculinity. Further efforts are needed to disseminate information about existing laws and mechanisms of recourse.



**Health  

Applying Standard Epidemiological Methods for Investigating Foodborne Disease Outbreak in Resource-Poor Settings: Lessons f...
Applying Standard Epidemiological Methods for Investigating Foodborne Disease Outbreak in Resource-Poor Settings: Lessons from Vietnam.
Thuan Huu Vo, Dat Van Nguyen and others. Journal of Food Protection, 2014, volume 77, number 7, pp. 1229-1231.

Abstract: An outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred among workers of company X after eating lunch prepared by a catering service. Of 430 workers attending the meal, 56 were hospitalized with abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and nausea, according to the initial report. We conducted an investigation to identify the extent, vehicle, and source of the outbreak. In our case-control study, a case was a worker who attended the meal and who was hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis; controls were randomly selected from non-ill workers. Cases and controls were interviewed using a standard questionnaire. We used logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios for the consumption of food items. Catering service facilities and food handlers working for the service were inspected. Food samples from the catering service were tested at reference laboratories. Of hospitalized cases, 54 fulfilled the case definition, but no stool specimens were collected for laboratory testing. Of four food items served during lunch, only “squash and pork soup” was significantly associated with gastroenteritis, with an adjusted odds ratio of 9.5 (95 % CI 3.2, 27.7). The caterer did not separate cooked from raw foods but used the same counter for both. Cooked foods were kept at room temperature for about 4 h before serving. Four of 14 food handlers were not trained on basic food safety principles and did not have health certificates. Although no microbiological confirmation was obtained, our epidemiological investigation suggested that squash and pork soup caused the outbreak. Hospitals should be instructed to obtain stool specimens from patients with gastroenteritis. Food catering services should be educated in basic food safety measures.

The Context Assessment for Community Health tool: Investigating why what works where in low- and middle-income settings [Pos...
The Context Assessment for Community Health tool: Investigating why what works where in low- and middle-income settings [Poster presentation].
Anna Bergstrom, Hoa Dinh and others. BMC Health Services Research, 2014, volume 14, number Suppl 2, p. P8.

Abstract:

Background: The gap between what is known and what is practiced results in patients not benefitting from advances in healthcare and unnecessary costs for clients and health systems. The Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) framework posits (1) strong evidence, (2) context in terms of coping with change, and (3) facilitation as elements influencing successful implementation of new knowledge [1]. A strong context is considered key to warrant an environment receptive to change. Tools for systematic mapping of aspects of context influencing implementation have been developed for, and are being used in, high-income settings whereas there are no tools available for this purpose for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). –

Materials and methods: The development of the Context Assessment for Community Health (COACH) tool departed from the PARIHS framework and was undertaken in Bangladesh, Vietnam, Uganda, South Africa and Nicaragua in six phases; (1) defining dimensions and draft tool development, (2) quantitative and qualitative content validity amongst in-country experts, (3) content validity amongst international experts, (4) response process, (5) translation and (6) evaluation of psychometric properties. The tool has been validated for use amongst physicians, nurse/midwives and community health workers in these five settings. –

Results: This study indicates that dimensions of context identified to influence implementation in high-income healthcare settings are also relevant in LMICs. Having said this, there are additional aspects of context of relevance in LMICs. The final version of the tool includes 49 items measuring the following eight aspects of context: leadership, work culture, monitoring services for action, sources of information, resources, community engagement, commitment to work and informal payment. –

Conclusions: Application of the COACH tool will allow for systematic characterization of local healthcare context prior to or as part of the evaluation of implementing new interventions and allow for deepened insights into the black-box of implementation in LMICs.

Diversity of Anopheles mosquitoes in Binh Phuoc and Dak Nong Provinces of Vietnam and their relation to disease.
Diversity of Anopheles mosquitoes in Binh Phuoc and Dak Nong Provinces of Vietnam and their relation to disease.
Chung Thuy Ngo, Gregor Dubois and others. Parasites & Vectors, 2014, volume 7, number 1, p. 316.

Abstract:

BACKGROUND:Human malaria is still a burden in Dak Nong and Binh Phuoc Provinces in south-central Vietnam that border Cambodia. Several Anopheles species that transmit human malarial Plasmodium may also transmit Wuchereria bancrofti, the nematode that causes Bancroftian lymphatic filariasis. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of Anopheles species in the transmission of these two pathogens in the two highly malaria endemic provinces of Vietnam.

METHODS:Anopheles mosquitoes were collected in Dak Nong and Binh Phuoc Provinces in November and December of 2010 and 2011. Human landing catches, paired collections on human and buffalo, and resting captures were made with mouth aspirators. Collections were also made with light traps. Morphological and PCR-based methods were used to identify the species. Real-time PCR was used to detect Plasmodium species and W. bancrofti in individual mosquitoes.

RESULTS:Twenty-four Anopheles species were identified among 797 captured mosquitoes. Anopheles dirus was found in both provinces and was the predominant species in Binh Phuoc Province; An. maculatus was the most prevalent species in Dak Nong Province. Anopheles minimus was collected only in Binh Phuoc Province. Some specimens of An. minimus and An. pampanai were misidentified based on morphology. Four specimens of An. scanloni were identified, and this is the first report of this species of the Dirus Complex in Vietnam. Two females, one An. dirus and one An. pampanai, collected in Binh Phuoc Province were infected with P. vivax, for an overall infection rate of 0.41% (2/486): 0.28% for An. dirus (1/361) and 20% for An. pampanai (1/5). No mosquitoes were found to be infected with P. falciparum, P. knowlesi or W. bancrofti in either province.

CONCLUSION:A diversity of Anopheles species occurs in Dak Nong and Binh Phuoc Provinces of Vietnam, several of which are considered to be actual and potential vectors of malarial protozoa and microfilariae. It is highly likely that two of the species, An. dirus and An. pampanai, are active in malaria transmission based on the detection of P. vivax in females of these species. This is the first report of An. scanloni in Vietnam. Free full text http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/7/1/316.

Evolutionary dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 HA clades and vaccine implementation in Vietnam.
Evolutionary dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 HA clades and vaccine implementation in Vietnam.
Thanh Hoa Le and Nga Thi Bich Nguyen. Clin Exp Vaccine Res, 2014, volume 3, number 2, pp. 117-127.

Abstract: Based on hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), influenza A virus is divided into 18 different HA (H1 to H18) and 11 NA types (N1 to N11), opening the possibility for reassortment between the HA and NA genes to generate new HxNy subtypes (where x could be any HA and y is any NA, possibly). In recent four years, since 2010, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of H5N1 subtype (HPAI A/H5N1) have become highly enzootic and dynamically evolved to form multiple H5 HA clades, particularly in China, Vietnam, Indonesia, Egypt, Cambodia, and Bangladesh. So far, after more than 10 years emerged in Vietnam (since late 2003), HPAI A/H5N1 is still posing a potential risk of causing outbreaks in poultry, with high frequency of annual endemics. Intragenic variation (referred to as antigenic drift) in HA (e.g., H5) has given rise to form numerous clades, typically marking the major timelines of the evolutionary status and vaccine application in each period. The dominance of genetically and antigenically diversified clade 2.3.2.1 (of subgroups a, b, c), clade 1.1 (1.1.1/1.1.2) and re-emergence of clade 7.1/7.2 at present, has urged Vietnam to the need for dynamically applied antigenicity-matching vaccines, i.e., the plan of importing Re-6 vaccine for use in 2014, in parallel use of Re-1/Re-5 since 2006. In this review, we summarize evolutionary features of HPAI A/H5N1 viruses and clade formation during recent 10 years (2004-2014). Dynamic of vaccine implementation in Vienam is also remarked. Free full text http://synapse.koreamed.org/DOIx.php?id=10.7774%2Fcevr.2014.3.2.117.

Health system challenges in implementing universal health coverage: Asian perspectives and experiences [Oral presentation].
Health system challenges in implementing universal health coverage: Asian perspectives and experiences [Oral presentation].
Tikki Pang, Tiffany Soetikno and Agus Suwandono. BMC Health Services Research, 2014, volume 14, number Suppl 2, p. O3.

Abstract: In line with the global trend towards providing universal health coverage (UHC) as a primary tool in achieving sustainable development in the post-2015, post-MDG era, many low- and middle-income countries in the Asian region are in the midst of developing and implementing various schemes and strategies to achieve UHC. Given the diversity in health system structures, resources and capacities, the implementation of UHC in these countries poses major challenges to health service delivery. Indonesia, the fourth largest country in the world, rolled out its UHC plan, called JKN (National Health Assurance) in early 2014 and faces formidable logistic and administrative challenges with regards to access to medicines, human resources, financing, governance and scaling up health service delivery. Key implementation challenges include those associated with issues of equity, quality and sustainability. The Indonesian experience in rolling out UHC may also be compared to other countries in the region which have implemented UHC with varying degrees of success (e.g. Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan, India, Malaysia, etc.). In the spirit of ‘reverse innovation’, it is also hoped that lessons learnt from UHC implementation in these countries will provide valuable learning lessons for each other, and for the success of UHC more broadly.

Maternal Vitamin D Status and Infant Outcomes in Rural Vietnam: A Prospective Cohort Study.
Maternal Vitamin D Status and Infant Outcomes in Rural Vietnam: A Prospective Cohort Study.
Sarah Hanieh, Tran T. Ha and others. PLoS ONE, 2014, volume 9, number 6.

Abstract:

Objective: Vitamin D deficiency affects 1 billion people globally. It has an important role in bone homeostasis, brain development and modulation of the immune system and yet the impact of antenatal vitamin D deficiency on infant outcomes is poorly understood. We assessed the association of 25- hydroxyvitamin D levels (25-OHD) in late pregnancy and early infant growth and developmental outcomes in rural Vietnam. –

Design and Methods: A prospective cohort study of 960 women who had previously participated in a double-blind cluster randomized controlled trial of antenatal micronutrient supplementation in rural Vietnam was undertaken. Maternal 25-OHD concentration was measured at 32 weeks gestation, and infants were followed until 6 months of age. Main outcome measures were cognitive, motor, socio-emotional and language scores using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd edition, and infant length-for-age z scores at 6 months of age. –

Results: 60% (582/960) of women had 25-OHD levels <75 nmol/L at 32 weeks gestation. Infants born to women with 25-OHD deficiency (<37.5 nmol/L) had reduced developmental language scores compared to those born to women who were vitamin D replete (≥75 nmol/L) (Mean Difference (MD) −3.48, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) −5.67 to −1.28). For every 25 nmol increase in 25-OHD concentration in late pregnancy, infant length-for-age z scores at 6 months of age decreased by 0.08 (95% CI −0.15 to −0.02). –

Conclusions: Low maternal 25- hydroxyvitamin D levels during late pregnancy are of concern in rural Vietnam, and are associated with reduced language developmental outcomes at 6 months of age. Our findings strengthen the evidence for giving vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy. Free full text http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0099005#pone-0099005-g002.

Telemedicine for retinal care in developing nations: the ORBIS Cyber-Sight programme, 2003–2011.
Telemedicine for retinal care in developing nations: the ORBIS Cyber-Sight programme, 2003–2011.
Sarina Amin, Rikin Patel and others. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 2014, volume 20, number 5, pp. 282-287.

Abstract: ORBIS International has provided a web-based ophthalmic disease consultation service, Cyber-Sight, for developing nations since 2003. The system connects partner physicians with mentor physicians. We have reviewed consultations concerning retinal cases submitted from June 2003 to December 2011. Of 943 retinal consultations reviewed, 117 were excluded, mainly for reasons of technical limitations at the partner sites. Of the 826 included cases, 504 patients were male and 322 were female. The average age of the patients was 43 years (range 2 months to 86 years). Cases were submitted from partner physicians in 30 countries, with five countries accounting for 82% of the cases (India, Vietnam, Indonesia, China, Jordan). There was a rise in the case submission rate to a peak of 251 cases in 2010. The mean consultant response time was 5 days (SD 9). The mean time to case closure was 19 days (SD 92). The most common diagnoses were diabetic retinopathy (n = 101), retinal vascular occlusion (n = 75) and retinal detachment (n = 61). The working diagnosis submitted by the partner did not match the mentor's diagnosis in 153 cases (19%). The number of incorrect initial partner diagnoses demonstrates that the teleretinal programme serves a useful diagnostic role for partner physicians. The Cyber-Sight programme is a viable method of delivering advanced retinal expertise to partner institutions and increasing capacity for partner doctors in the developing world.

Effect of facilitation of local maternal-and-newborn stakeholder groups on neonatal mortality: a cluster randomised trial [O...
Effect of facilitation of local maternal-and-newborn stakeholder groups on neonatal mortality: a cluster randomised trial [Oral presentation].
Lars Persson, Nga T and others. BMC Health Services Research, 2014, volume 14, number Suppl 2, p. O28.

Abstract:

Background: Facilitation of local women’s groups may reportedly reduce neonatal mortality. It is not known whether facilitation of groups composed by local healthcare staff and politicians can improve perinatal outcomes. We hypothesized that facilitation of local stakeholder groups would reduce neonatal mortality (primary outcome) and improve maternal, delivery and newborn care indicators (secondary outcomes) in Quang Ninh province, Vietnam. Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN44599712. –

Material and methods: In a cluster-randomised design, 44 communes were allocated to intervention and 46 to control. Laywomen facilitated monthly meetings during 3 years in groups composed by healthcare staff and key persons in the communes. A problem-solving approach was employed. Births and neonatal deaths were monitored, and interviews were performed in households of neonatal deaths and of randomly selected surviving infants. A latent period before effect is expected in this type of intervention, but this timeframe was not pre-specified. –

Results: Neonatal mortality rate (NMR) from July 2008 to June 2011 was 16.5/1000 (195 deaths per 11818 live births) in the intervention communes and 18.4/1000 (194 per 10559 live births) in control communes (adjusted odds ratio 0.96 [95% CI 0.73-1.25]). There was a significant downward time trend of NMR in intervention communes (p=0.003) but not in control communes (p=0.184). No significant difference in NMR was observed during the first two years (July 2008 to June 2010) while the third year (July 2010 to June 2011) had significantly lower NMR in the intervention arm; adjusted odds ratio 0.51 [95% CI 0.30-0.89]. Women in intervention communes more frequently attended antenatal care (adjusted odds ratio 2.27 [95% CI 1.07-4.8]. –

Conclusions: A randomised facilitation intervention with local stakeholder groups composed by primary care staff and local politicians working for three years with a perinatal problem-solving approach resulted in increased attendance to antenatal care and reduced neonatal mortality after a latent period.

Encouraging Health Insurance for the Informal Sector : A Cluster Randomized Trial.
Encouraging Health Insurance for the Informal Sector : A Cluster Randomized Trial.
Adam Wagstaff, Nguyen Thi Hong Ha and others. World Bank Policy Research Working Papers, 2014.

Abstract: Subsidized voluntary enrollment in government-run health insurance schemes is often proposed as a way of increasing coverage among informal sector workers and their families. This paper reports the results of a cluster randomized control trial in which 3,000 households in 20 communes in Vietnam were randomly assigned at baseline to a control group or one of three treatments: an information leaflet about Vietnam s government-run scheme and the benefits of health insurance; a voucher entitling eligible household members to 25 percent off their annual premium; and both. The four groups were balanced at baseline. In the control group, 6.3 percent (82/1296) of individuals were enrolled in the endline, compared with 6.3 percent (79/1257), 7.2 percent (96/1327), and 7.0 percent (87/1245) in the information, subsidy, and combined intervention groups; the adjusted odds ratios were 0.94, 1.12, and 1.15, respectively. Only among those reporting poor health were any significant intervention effects found, and only for the combined intervention: an enrollment rate of 16.3 percent (33/202) compared with 8.3 percent (18/218) in the control group, and an adjusted odds ratio of 2.50. The results suggest limited opportunities to raise voluntary health insurance enrollment through information campaigns and subsidies, and that these interventions exacerbate adverse selection. Free full text https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/18768.

Cost-Effectiveness of Antiretroviral Therapy Expansion Strategies in Vietnam.
Cost-Effectiveness of Antiretroviral Therapy Expansion Strategies in Vietnam.
Tran Dam Anh, David P Wilson and others. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 2014, volume 28, number 7, pp. 365-371.

Abstract: This study determines an optimal strategy for scaling up ART in Vietnam by examining three initiation thresholds [350 cells/mm3, 500 cells/mm3, and treat all people living with HIV (PLHIV) regardless of CD4 cell counts] and treatment commencement rates among treatment-eligible PLHIV ranging from 5% to 100% within 12 months of diagnosis. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated using a Markov model, based on data from a cohort of 3449 patients who initiated ART between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2009 in 13 outpatient clinics across six provinces in Vietnam. Our analyses indicated that raising treatment eligibility criteria, in line with WHO guidelines (CD4 ≤500 cells/mm3) or removing CD4-based criteria would both be cost-effective in Vietnam. However, the cost-effective strategy from an economic viewpoint is first to increase coverage substantially among those with lowest CD4 levels, and only when coverage increases towards saturation should initiation criteria be lifted. Universal coverage under current guidelines would cost an additional $85 million and $96 million per year if the treatment threshold was 500 cells/mm3. These scenarios would avert 15,000 and 22,000 HIV-related deaths in 2010–2019, with ICERs of $500–$660 per QALY gained. It is imperative to increase treatment coverage for newly diagnosed PLHIV in Vietnam according to the current guidelines prior to increasing the CD4 threshold for ART initiation. [d.t...@unsw.edu.au].

Development and implementation of a locally produced ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) in Vietnam.
Development and implementation of a locally produced ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) in Vietnam.
Huynh Phuong, Tran Thuy Nga and others. Food & Nutrition Bulletin, 2014, volume 35, number 2, pp. 52S-56S.

Abstract:

Background: In Vietnam, malnutrition remains a public health problem, even though much progress has been made in the last decades. The number of cases of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is more than 200,000 per year. To accelerate the treatment of SAM, community-based treatment with ready-to-use-therapeutic foods (RUTFs) is preferred. However, a locally available and acceptable RUTF for the treatment of SAM was lacking. –

Objective: In a joint effort by the National Institute of Nutrition, UNICEF, and the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, a local RUTF was developed and tested. –

Methods: The product was optimalized for impact and acceptability. At the same time, capacity for the Integrated Management of Acute Malnutrition (IMAM) was developed. –

Results: The local product was found to be highly acceptable and effective. After training of health staff, the product could be introduced in the IMAM program. –

Conclusions: The IMAM program was highly successful in treating children with SAM, with more than 90% of the children recovering. Production capacity of the factory is currently being increased to enable up-scaling of the IMAM program and potential export of the product to countries in the region.



**Industry

Antecedents of SCM Practices in ASEAN Automotive Industry: Corporate Entrepreneurship, Social Capital, and Resource-based Pe...
Antecedents of SCM Practices in ASEAN Automotive Industry: Corporate Entrepreneurship, Social Capital, and Resource-based Perspectives.
Chin-Chun Hsu, Keah Choon Tan and Tritos Laosirihongthong. International Journal of Logistics Management, 2014, volume 25, number 2.

Abstract:

Purpose - This study examines how corporate entrepreneurship, social capital and resources contribute to the implementation of supply chain management practices in ASEAN automotive industry.

Design/methodology/approach - A conceptual framework of antecedents of supply chain management practices and several research hypotheses were proposed. Hypotheses were tested with data from OEM suppliers in the ASEAN automotive manufacturing industry. Confirmatory factor analysis and multiple linear regressions were used to test the hypotheses.

Findings - The analysis of survey data suggests that corporate entrepreneurship theory and social capital theory play a key role in motivating and preceding supply chain management practices. However, traditional resource-based explanations of SCM decisions by Western manufacturing firms do not always apply to ASEAN automotive suppliers.

Research limitations/implications - This paper may have excluded some crucial constructs that affect supply chain management practices. This study also suffers from the common limitations of empirical research, including the reliance on a single respondent. Prior studies suggest that firms with better resources are likely to create more effective SCM operations. This study contributes to the literature by adding behavioral explanations to the research stream. That is, drawing on corporate entrepreneurship and social capital theories, we link firm behavioral factors to their resources and thus help explains SCM practices.

Practical implications - This study provides some notable managerial implications. Our study shows that to implement successful supply chain management practices, emerging ASEAN automotive suppliers should exploit both the internal and external antecedents of supply chain management. Internal antecedent in the form of corporate entrepreneurship that measures a firm’s innovativeness and proactiveness, and external antecedent in the form of social capital that measures a firm’s relationships with its supply chain members are important factors that affect supply chain management practices. Also, these factors are important in counteracting the adverse forces of the environmental uncertainty to improve performance.

Originality/value - These findings extend prior research by establishing the importance of the relationships between supply chain management practices and its antecedents. Also, this is one of the few studies that specifically examined the ASEAN automotive industry.

The knowledge-bridging process in software offshoring from Japan to Vietnam.
The knowledge-bridging process in software offshoring from Japan to Vietnam.
Nguyen Thu Huong and Umemoto Katsuhiro. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries (EJISDC), 2014, volume 64, number 9, pp. 1-29.

Abstract: The role of coordinators in highly knowledge-intensive international business has been increasingly portrayed as filling the communication, cross-cultural, social gaps; or facilitators of knowledge sharing and knowledge transfer. However, they do not mention the process coordinators cooperate with partners to create new knowledge; whereas a critical issue is to facilitate the collaboration among partners in international and cross-cultural context. Our study bridges this gap by studying the knowledge-bridging process of bridge System Engineers (bridge SEs) in the software offshore development context. Our analysis pointed out that beside required knowledge, bridge SEs utilized background of long term residence or study abroad; and “bridging-knowledge” to adjust communication contents before information is sent from one side to another. Based on the theoretical work of Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) and empirical evidence of bridge SEs in Software Offshoring from Japan to Vietnam; we further develop the model of Knowledge-bridging process to show how the bridge SEs, the vendor and the client interact to create technological, business, bridging knowledge and decrease the cultural gaps. [Huong&Katsuhiro-2014].

Vietnamese milk industry forecasting: A grey system theory case of Vinamilk.
Vietnamese milk industry forecasting: A grey system theory case of Vinamilk.
Lai Wang Wang and Thanh Tuyen Tran. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 2014, volume 4, number 6, pp. 779-790.

Abstract: Since Vietnam was officially admitted to the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in November 2006, its domestic enterprises have been facing many new opportunities and challenges with energy. However, to survive and grow in this emerging market, a firm requires more cutting-edge or advantageous strategies to outperform their competitors. This necessitates the direction and goals for a firm in the way that it can predict its revenue in the coming future. This is because revenue is a specific indicator which may reflect the results of the enterprise more accurately. In this study, we apply Grey System Theory-GM (1, 1) based on the statistics provided by the Vietnam dairy Products Joint-Stock Company (Vinamilk) from 2005 to 2012 and make prediction values for two years, i.e., 2013 and 2014. The results which help enterprises to figure out the target in the near future are shown with low tolerance proven by Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE). From this study, a useful method can be provided in the case of the Vietnam dairy Products Joint–Stock Company and the results may shed insight into decision-making concerning the direction of a firm, to improve economic efficiency and to determine the financial performance of the business now, and it is the basis for determining results of operations for production the following period. These results are very valuable for both academic study and business field in the future. [Wang&Tuyen-2014]. Free full text http://www.aessweb.com/pdf-files/ijass-2014-4(6)-779-790.pdf.



**Transport  

Pathway to low carbon transport in ASEAN region: tools to envision the roadmap.
Pathway to low carbon transport in ASEAN region: tools to envision the roadmap.
Hiroyuki Takeshita. Tech Monitor, 2014, volume Jan-Mar.

Abstract: The Institution for Transport Policy Studies (ITPS), in cooperation with Clean Air Asia and with the support of the Nippon Foundation, has been conducting an international study project called “Long Term Action Plans for Low Carbon Transport in ASEAN”. The aim of this study is to propose long term action plans to realize low carbon transport in the ASEAN region. As one of the outputs of the study project, two tools, called the “Visioning tool” and the “Backcasting tool”, have been developed. Based on the study project, this article summarizes our methodology for evaluating reduction effects of CO2 emission in the transport sector of the ASEAN region by mitigation policy implementation and our above mentioned two tools to envision a roadmap toward a low carbon transport society in accordance with the methodology. These tools will make it possible for ASEAN countries to establish appropriate CO2-mitigating policies and to assess these policy’s impacts. Free full text http://www.techmonitor.net/tm/images/e/ef/14jan_mar_sf5.pdf.



**Labor and Social protection

Moving Freely? Labour Mobility in ASEAN.
Moving Freely? Labour Mobility in ASEAN.
Sarah Huelser and Adam Heal. Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade policy brief no. 40, 2014.

Abstract: This policy brief reviews the level of labour market integration in ASEAN and assesses labour market reforms being undertaken as part of the establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). Key findings: (1) Labour migration is already a reality in ASEAN with millions working in other member states both legally and under irregular conditions. (2) The ambition of the AEC is that it will “transform ASEAN into a region with free movement of goods, services, investment, skilled labour, and freer flow of capital.” (3) In the area of labour mobility ASEAN is falling short of its stated goals calling into question whether there will be effective free movement of high-skilled labour by the end of 2015. (4) Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs) are intended to facilitate the movement of professionals by ensuring their qualifications are acknowledged in other ASEAN members. But only a few sectors are currently covered and MRAs do little to overcome other barriers like nationality requirements. (5) By restricting liberalization on labour mobility to skilled professionals, the region is also missing out on the benefits that a well-managed co-operative scheme covering all labour, including lower-skilled workers, could bring. (6) In addition to further labour market liberalization, greater co-operation is also needed to protect migrants’ rights and improve the portability of social security schemes. Free full text http://artnet.unescap.org/pub/polbrief40.pdf.

Welfare Dynamics Measurement: Two Definitions of a Vulnerability Line and Their Empirical Application.
Welfare Dynamics Measurement: Two Definitions of a Vulnerability Line and Their Empirical Application.
Dang Hai Anh and Peter F. Lanjouw. World Bank Policy Research Working Papers, 2014.

Abstract: Little research currently exists on a vulnerability line that distinguishes the poor population from the population that is not poor but that still faces significant risk of falling back into poverty. This paper attempts to fill this gap by proposing vulnerability lines that can be straightforwardly estimated with panel or cross-sectional household survey data, in rich- and poor-country settings. These vulnerability lines offer a means to broaden traditional poverty analysis and can also assist with the identification of the middle class or resilient population groups. Empirical illustrations are provided using panel data from the United States (Panel Study of Income Dynamics) and Vietnam (Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey) for the period 2004-2008 and cross-sectional data from India (National Sample Survey) for the period 2004-2009. The estimation results indicate that in Vietnam and India during this time period, the population living in poverty and the middle class have been falling and expanding, respectively, while the opposite has been occurring in the United States. Free full text https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/18831.

‘I thought I was the only one’: the misrecognition of LGBT youth in contemporary Vietnam.
‘I thought I was the only one’: the misrecognition of LGBT youth in contemporary Vietnam.
Paul Horton. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 2014, pp. 1-14.

Abstract: While recent LGBT rights demonstrations and discussions about same-sex marriage have thrust the issue of homosexuality into the spotlight, it was not long ago that the issue of homosexuality was notable by its absence in Vietnam. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with young gay, lesbian and bisexual people in Vietnam's capital city Hanoi, this paper considers the increasing visibility of homosexuality through the theoretical lens of recognition, and illustrates the heterosexist misrecognition that LGBT young people have been subjected to in legislation, the media, their families, and through the education system. Drawing on the narratives of LGBT young people, the paper highlights the potentially negative impact such misrecognition may have on psychological and social wellbeing. [tf]. Free full text http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2014.924556.

Social construction of disability and its potential impacts to welfare practice in Vietnamese contexts.
Social construction of disability and its potential impacts to welfare practice in Vietnamese contexts.
Kham Tran. SpringerPlus, 2014, volume 3, number 1, p. 325.

Abstract: From the survey responses and the policy analysis, the initial findings on this paper present some aspects of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) on disability which are presented as following: Firstly, there is a significant changes in legal documents and social policies related to disability in Vietnam, especially from 2006, in terms of its name and contens for improving the life of PWD with inclusive approach, however the meaning of disability is not clear in policies. Secondly, the understanding on disability is mainly based on medical/individual model which focuses on the disability's causes in words of health or individual problem rather than viewing the social causes in aspects of the social barriers and restriction, in addition almost policies focus on the problems of PWD rather than the social aspects. Thirdly, social attitude toward disability and PWD seems to be very empathetic, however it is less regard to CWD's ability as well as there are more attitudes on charity giving and supporting than helping them to be independent in their life. Finally, in spite of positive knowledge and attitudes on disability, there is still limitation on practical activities towards CWD/PWD from society in daily life. Free full text http://www.springerplus.com/content/3/1/325.



**Tourism

Good governance and tourism development in protected areas: The case of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, central Vietnam.
Good governance and tourism development in protected areas: The case of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, central Vietnam.
Anna Hübner, Ly T. Phong and Trương S.H. Chau. Koedoe, 2014, volume 56, number 2.

Abstract: Protected areas are increasingly expected to serve as a natural income-producing resource via the exploitation of recreational and touristic activities. Whilst tourism is often considered a viable option for generating income which benefits the conservation of a protected area, there are many cases in which insufficient and opaque planning hinder sustainable development, thereby reducing local benefit sharing and, ultimately, nature conservation. This article delineated and examined factors in governance which may underlie tourism development in protected areas. Based on Graham, Amos and Plumptre’s five good governance principles, a specific analysis was made of the Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park in central Vietnam, which highlighted challenges in the practical implementation of governing principles arising for nature conservation, sustainable tourism development and complex stakeholder environments. Despite the limited opportunity of this study to examine the wider national and international context, the discussion facilitated an overview of the factors necessary to understand governance principles and tourism development. This article could serve as a basis for future research, especially with respect to comparative analyses of different management structures existing in Vietnam and in other contested centrally steered protected area spaces. -- Conservation implications: This research has shown that tourism and its development, despite a more market-oriented and decentralised policymaking, is a fragmented concept impacted by bureaucratic burden, lack of institutional capacities, top-down processes and little benefit-sharing. There is urgent need for stakeholders – public and private – to reconcile the means of protected areas for the ends (conservation) by clarifying responsibilities as well as structures and processes which determine decision-making. Free full text http://www.koedoe.co.za/index.php/koedoe/article/view/1146/1613.



**Water

Human exposure to arsenic from drinking water in Vietnam.
Human exposure to arsenic from drinking water in Vietnam.
Tetsuro Agusa, Pham Thi Kim Trang and others. Science of The Total Environment, 2014, volume 488–489, pp. 562-569.

Abstract: Vietnam is an agricultural country with a population of about 88 million, with some 18 million inhabitants living in the Red River Delta in Northern Vietnam. The present study reports the chemical analyses of 68 water and 213 biological (human hair and urine) samples conducted to investigate arsenic contamination in tube well water and human arsenic exposure in four districts (Tu Liem, Dan Phuong, Ly Nhan, and Hoai Duc) in the Red River Delta. Arsenic concentrations in groundwater in these areas were in the range of &lt; 1 to 632 μg/L, with severe contamination found in the communities Ly Nhan, Hoai Duc, and Dan Phuong. Arsenic concentrations were markedly lowered in water treated with sand filters, except for groundwater from Hoai Duc. Human hair samples had arsenic levels in the range of 0.07–7.51 μg/g, and among residents exposed to arsenic levels ≥ 50 μg/L, 64% of them had hair arsenic concentrations higher than 1 μg/g, which is a level that can cause skin lesions. Urinary arsenic concentrations were 4–435 μg/g creatinine. Concentrations of arsenic in hair and urine increased significantly with increasing arsenic content in drinking water, indicating that drinking water is a significant source of arsenic exposure for these residents. The percentage of inorganic arsenic (IA) in urine decreased with age, whereas the opposite trend was observed for monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) in urine. Significant co-interactions of age and arsenic exposure status were also detected for concentrations of arsenic in hair and the sum of IA, MMA, and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) in urine and %MMA. In summary, this study demonstrates that a considerable proportion of the Vietnamese population is exposed to arsenic levels of chronic toxicity, even if sand filters reduce exposure in many households. Health problems caused by arsenic ingestion through drinking water are increasingly reported in Vietnam. [sci].

Incentives for enterprise engagement in Vietnam: Private and social enterprise engagement in water and sanitation for the po...
Incentives for enterprise engagement in Vietnam: Private and social enterprise engagement in water and sanitation for the poor.
Anna Gero and Juliet Willetts. Working Paper 2b - Institute for Sustainable Futures - University of Technology - Sydney, 2014.

Abstract: This document presents findings from a qualitative study into the involvement of small-scale enterprises in water and sanitation services in Vietnam, with a core focus on rural areas. We conducted the empirical research for the study in January 2014 in partnership with SNV Development Organisation Vietnam (SNV) and the East Meets West Foundation (EMWF). The research examines the role that small enterprises play in the water and sanitation services sector, and the incentives that support or undermine their role. It also addresses how and why nongovernmental organisations (NGOs)1, as civil society organisations (CSOs), choose to support such enterprises. [Gero&Willetts-2014]. Free full text http://enterpriseinwash.info/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ISF041_Ent_Wash_Paper2B_LowRes.pdf.




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