Gley Apk Download
Jenniffer Trotter
A gleysol or gley soil is a hydric soil that unless drained is saturated with groundwater for long enough to develop a characteristic gleyic colour pattern. The pattern is essentially made up of reddish, brownish, or yellowish colours at surfaces of soil particles and/or in the upper soil horizons mixed with greyish/blueish colours inside the peds and/or deeper in the soil. Gleysols are also known as Gleyzems, meadow soils, Aqu-suborders of Entisols, Inceptisols and Mollisols (USDA soil taxonomy), or as groundwater soils and hydro-morphic soils.
Wetness is the main limitation on agriculture of virgin gleysols;[2] these are covered with natural swamp vegetation and lie idle or are used for extensive grazing. Farmers use artificially-drained gleysols for arable cropping, dairy farming and horticulture. Gleysols in the tropics and subtropics are widely planted with rice.
Gleysols occupy an estimated 720 million hectares worldwide. They are azonal soils and occur in nearly all climates. The largest extent of Gleysols is in northern Russia, Siberia, Canada, Alaska, China and Bangladesh. An estimated 200 million hectares of gleysols are found in the tropics, mainly in the Amazon region, equatorial Africa, and the coastal swamps of Southeast Asia.
They exhibit a greenish-blue-grey soil color because of anoxic wetland conditions. On exposure, as the iron in the soil oxidizes colors are transformed to a mottled pattern of reddish, yellow or orange patches. During soil formation (gleying), the oxygen supply in the soil profile is restricted due to soil moisture at saturation. Anaerobic micro-organisms support cellular respiration by using alternatives to free oxygen as electron acceptors to support cellular respiration. Where anaerobic organisms reduce ferric oxide to ferrous oxide, the reduced mineral compounds produce the typical gleysoil color. Green rust, a layered double hydroxide (LDH) of Fe(II) and Fe(III) can be found as the mineral fougerite in gleysoils.
Gleysoils may be sticky and hard to work, especially where the gleying is caused by surface water held up on a slowly permeable layer. However, some ground-water gley soils have permeable lower horizons, including, for example, some sands in hollows within sand dune systems (known as slacks), and in some alluvial situations.
Groundwater gleysoils develop where drainage is poor because the water table (phreatic surface) is high, whilst surface-water gleying occurs when precipitation input at the surface does not drain freely through the ground. A reducing environment exists in the saturated layers, which become mottled greyish-blue or greyish-brown due to its ferrous iron and organic matter content. The presence of reddish or orange mottles indicates localised re-oxidation of ferrous salts in the soil matrix, and is often associated with root channels, animal burrows, or cracking of the soil material during dry spells.
GLEY
Related to the word 'glaze', a gley is like a biological plastic membrane such as is found in bogs, which is formed by a bacterial process that requires anaerobic conditions.
Traditionally a technique for sealing ponds and dams, there is potential for the process to be adapted for human-made structures. The Russian-devised version for dams uses a slurry of animal waste (pig manure) applied over the inner base and walls of the dam in multiple, thin layers, which is then itself covered with vegetable organic matter such as grass, leaves, waste paper, cardboard, etc. This is all then given a final layer of soil which is tamped down and the mixture is left for several weeks to allow the (anaerobic) bacteria to complete their task, at which time the dam is ready for flooding.
Gleys have the potential to revolutionise water storage capacity in regions with hightly porous soils. An aquaculture industry in otherwise unsuitable areas scould be one of the benefits of this technique.
Unlike bentonite clay, gley materials are virtually cost-free and are comprised of 'wastes' which would normally be discarded in the normal course of operations. Also, plastic and rubber dam liners may actually be dependent on the same anaerobic process for their own continued effectiveness rather than their lack of holes or punctures ie, it is the anaerobic layer created below them rather than their own membranous qualities which prevent water seepage in the long term.
Another technique, recently developed in the USSR, is called a "gley" or
"biological plastic." "Gley" can be made in the pond in this way:
* Clear the pond bottom of debris, rocks, and all other materials.
* Cover the pond bottom and sides completely with animal manure.
Apply the manure in an even layer.
* Cover the animal manure layer with banana leaves, cut grasses, or
any vegetable matter. Make sure that all of the manure is covered.
* Put a layer of soil on top of the vegetable layer.
* Tamp the layers down very well.
* Wait 2 to 3 weeks before filling the pond.
Gley
Gley is another material useful for sealing ponds. Gley is produced by spreading a six to nine inch layer of very fresh, green manure over the area to be sealed. The manure is then covered with plastic, cardboard, or anything else that prevents oxygen from reaching the manure so that it will ferment anaerobically. The fermentation produces a bacterial slime in one to two weeks that can permanently seal soils. After two weeks the plastic or other covering can be removed and the pond can be filled with water.
Livestock
Livestock such as hogs or cattle penned into a pond will seal the soil in a way similar to the gley method. Livestock provide the added benefit of hoof action to help mix and pack manure into the pond bottom. The livestock are left in the pond until the bottom has been completely covered with manure and well trampled. Occasionally watering the pond bottom will speed this process.
The gley or livestock method of sealing ponds may be the least expensive when materials or animals are readily available.
marina phillips wrote:We're going to try this gley thing out, Chelle! It makes sense that the pigs do this for you when they are confined to an area designated to turn into a pond at a later date. But for small ponds seems it could work by hand. 6-9" is a LOT of manure though. Geeze. Wonder if it could be a few inches of manure and then another few inches of vegetable matter? I feel the major advantage of gley is that pond plants would enjoy living in the nutrient rich bottom layer of gley. The clay methods don't seem to add nutrients to the bottom of the pond in the same way a big thick layer of manure would.
My totally ignorant conjecture about the wall questions: Seems gley only works where it is constantly wet. I don't think you'd want a constantly wet and smelly wall.....right? Just can't imagine how you'd keep a wall wet enough for two weeks to get the baterial slime, and then it seems it would just die as it dried out and the sealing properties would go away.
blitz1976 wrote:
OK so now I am confused....big suprise I know! Are we saying that gley cannot be accomplished without the equipment? I thought it an be done with just the glass clippings etc.
marina phillips wrote:
We're going to try this gley thing out, Chelle! It makes sense that the pigs do this for you when they are confined to an area designated to turn into a pond at a later date. But for small ponds seems it could work by hand. 6-9" is a LOT of manure though. Geeze. Wonder if it could be a few inches of manure and then another few inches of vegetable matter? I feel the major advantage of gley is that pond plants would enjoy living in the nutrient rich bottom layer of gley. The clay methods don't seem to add nutrients to the bottom of the pond in the same way a big thick layer of manure would.
My totally ignorant conjecture about the wall questions: Seems gley only works where it is constantly wet. I don't think you'd want a constantly wet and smelly wall.....right? Just can't imagine how you'd keep a wall wet enough for two weeks to get the baterial slime, and then it seems it would just die as it dried out and the sealing properties would go away.
Baby mammal poo (from animals that injest only milk - calf poo is the best I've been told) is supposed to be an excellent additive for the finish layer of wall mudding. The lactose and casein in it make very long sticky protein chains that help resist cracking. Clay/cob walls can be burnished with a smooth metal object (like a big spoon) to a very smooth shiny finish, and then oiled to resist water. That's all the info I've got in that dept.
Has anyone ever tried gleyinga pond? Gleying seems to be an old Russian method that mimics theway ponds sometimes form in nature. The goal is to produce ananaerobic layer in the soil underneath the pond, which somehow preventswater from percolating through (perhaps due to slime on the anaerobicbacteria.) Here are tips for gleying a pond, compiled fromvarious websites (none of which feels very definitive):Createa six to nine inch layer of fresh compostables. Some sites recommendusing a layer of animal manure covered by a second layer of high carbonwaste material such as paper or cardboard. Other sites note thatgrass clippings can be used in place of the manure, and still othersleave out the high carbon layer.Getyour compostables wet, then seal out the air. Most people recommendadding a layer of soil on top and tamping it down, but others mentionputting plastic over the pond to keep air out completely. Stillother sources seem to consider the cardboard layer to be the one thatseals air out.Waittwo to three weeks. During this time, you shouldn't allow your gley to dry up, but youcan't fill the pond yet. After the wait, your pond is supposed tobe permanently sealed...or sealed for a couple of years (depending onwho you talk to.)I'm a bit leery of thetechnique because I can't find anyone who mentions that they have triedit personally, although second and third hand reports abound. I'malso curious to know whether anaerobic pond muck from the alligatorswamp would provide instant gley. If I hauled out a fewbucketsful and used the muck to line a little indentation in our forestgarden, would we have a mini pond? Or is the anaerobic layersomething that forms in place and can get disrupted by digging? Clearly, gleying a small pond is going to have to be added to mypost-growing season experiments list!(As a side note, Icouldn't find a single picture on the internet of gleying a pond. The closest ones were these photos of Sepp Holzer's pig method ofsealing a pond. As usual, click on the image to view the sourcewebsite.)
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