Serenity Using Automatically Driver Download [TOP]
Ellen Woolcock
If you cannot or do not want to download the WebDriver binaries automatically using WebDriverManager (for example, if you are in a corporate network which does not have access to the WebDriverManager binaries), you can download the binaries and configure them directly in the serenity.conf file.
In this case you need to either have the correct driver binary on your system path, or provide the path to the binary using the system property shown in the table above. For example, your serenity.conf file might contain the following:
This approach also works when you have more than one driver to configure. Suppose you need to run tests on three environments, using Firefox or Windows. One convenient approach is to store your drivers in a directory structure under src/test/resources similar to the following:
W3C capabilities are a standard set of driver features that every drive implementation must support. You can configure W3C capabilities in the wenbdriver.capabilities section of your serenity.conf file, as shown here:
You can configure multiple driver configurations by using the environments section, as shown below. Then simply set the environment system property to the corresponding environment to use these settings, e.g.
In previous versions of Serenity BDD, you could use the webdriver.driver.autodownload property to make Serenity (using WebDriverManager) automatically download the right driver for your platform.The latest versions of Serenity BDD integrate with Selenium 4.8.0, which has this feature built-in, so you can now safely set the webdriver.driver.autodownload property to false in your serenity.conf file, or remove it entirely.
In the latest versions of Serenity, all the chrome options can be configured using the "goog:chromeOptions" section inside the webdriver.capabilities section of your serenity.conf file. (Other W3C capabilites, such as browserName and timeouts, also go in the webdriver.capabilities section).
You typically run Serenity as part of the build process (either locally or on a CI server). In addition to the webdriver.driver option discussed here, you can also pass a number of parameters in as system properties to customize the way the tests are run. You can also place these files in a Properties file called serenity.properties, in your project root directory.
The root package for the tests in a given project. If provided, Serenity will use this as the root package when determining the capabilities associated with a test. If you are using the File System Requirements provider, Serenity BDD will expect this directory structure to exist at the top of the requirements tree. If you want to exclude packages in a requirements definition and start at a lower level in the hierarchy, use the serenity.requirement.exclusions property.
The path to the directory of the profile to use when starting firefox. This defaults to webdriver creating an anonymous profile. This is useful if you want to run the web tests using your own Firefox profile. If you are not sure about how to find the path to your profile, look here: -US/kb/Profiles. For example, to run the default profile on a Mac OS X system, you would do something like this:
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Every time a method is called on this WebElement variable, the driver will first find it on the current page and then simulate the interaction. In case we are working with a simple page, we know that we will find the element on the page every time we look for it, and we also know that we will eventually navigate away from this page without returning. Here, we can cache the looked up field by using another simple annotation:
Selenium WebDriver carries out the automation using the native support of each browser. For this reason, we need to place a binary file called driver between the test using the Selenium WebDriver API and the browser to be controlled. Examples of drivers for major web browsers nowadays are chromedriver (for Chrome), geckodriver (for Firefox), or msedgedriver (for Edge). As you can see in the following picture, the communication between the WebDriver API and the driver binary is done using a standard protocol called W3C WebDriver (formerly the so-called JSON Wire Protocol). Then, the communication between the driver and the browser is done using the native capabilities of each browser.
Setup. Once we have downloaded the driver to our computer, we need to provide a way to locate this driver from our Selenium WebDriver tests. In Java, this setup can be done in two different ways. First, we can add the driver location to our PATH environmental variable. Second, we can use Java system properties to export the driver path. Each driver path should be identified using a given system property, as follows:
Maintenance. Last but not least, we need to warranty the compatibility between driver and browser in time. This step is relevant since modern browsers automatically upgrade themselves (i.e., they are evergreen browsers), and for this reason, the compatibility driver-browser is not warranted in the long run. For instance, when a WebDriver test using Chrome faces a driver incompatibility, it reports the following error message: "this version of chromedriver only supports chrome version N." As you can see in StackOverflow, this is a recurrent problem for manually managed drivers (chromedriver in this case).
Then, should I move to Selenium Manager? It depends. If you use some custom feature of WebDriverManager, you can continue using it. If you use WebDriverManager only for automated management, you can switch to Selenium Manager. However, if you cannot bump to Java 11 (which is the minimum Java version for the latest versions of Selenium by September 2023), WebDriverManager can still be your library for driver management, since WebDriverManager will continue supporting Java 8 (at least for some time more).
WebDriverManager provides a fluent API available using the class WebDriverManager (package io.github.bonigarcia.wdm). This class provides a group of static methods to create managers, i.e., objects devoted to providing automated driver management and other features.
The primary use of WebDriverManager is the automation of driver management. To use this feature, you need to select a given manager in the WebDriverMager API (e.g., chromedriver() for Chrome) and invoke the method setup(). The following example shows a test case using JUnit 5, Selenium WebDriver, WebDriverManager, and AssertJ (for fluent assertions). In this test, we invoke WebDriverManager in the setup method for all tests (@BeforeAll). This way, the required driver (chromedriver) will be available for all the WebDriver tests using Chrome in this class.
This process automated the first two stages of the driver management previously introduced, i.e., download and setup. To support the third stage (i.e., maintenance), WebDriverManager implements resolution cache. This cache (called by default resolution.properties and stored in the root of the driver cache) is a file that stores the relationship between the resolved driver and browser versions. This relationship is valid during a given time-to-live (TTL). The default value for this TTL is 1 hour for browsers and 1 day for drivers. In other words, the discovered browser version is valid for 1 hour, and the driver version is considered correct for 1 day. This mechanism improves the performance dramatically since the second (and following) calls to the resolution algorithm for the same browser are resolved using only local resources (i.e., without using the shell nor requesting external services).
Method remoteAddress(): To specify the remote URL in the RemoteWebDriver instance, typically when using a Selenium Server or a cloud provider (such as Sauce Labs, LambdaTest, etc.). This method is equivalent to the configuration key wdm.remoteAddress (see configuration section). The following example shows a test using this method. This test starts Selenium Grid in standalone mode before the test. To that, WebDriverManager is also used (since the browser controlled by Selenium Grid also requires a driver):
WebDriverManager CLI can be used to resolve drivers (e.g., chromedriver, geckodriver) by applying the usual resolution algorithm from the shell. This feature can be interesting if we want to download drivers outside a Java program. To use this option, we need to invoke WebDriverManager CLI using the following arguments (supposing we need to resolve chromedriver):
WebDriverManager can also be used as Java Agent. In this case, and using the JVM instrumentation API, WebDriverManager intercepts calls to applications running on the JVM and modifies their bytecode. In particular, the WebDriverManager Agent uses this technique to check the objects being created in the JVM. Before Selenium WebDriver objects are instantiated (ChromeDriver, FirefoxDriver, etc.), the required manager is used to resolve its driver (chromedriver, geckodriver, etc.). Thanks to this approach, we can get rid of the WebDriverManager call (e.g. WebDriverManager.chromedriver.setup();) from our test, for example:
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