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I have one unit and I too have received the mail. We should get the compensation.
Kind Regards,
Rajoo N. Suchak
rajoo...@gmail.com
P.
O. Box 32210 DUBAI, UAE
Mob: +971
55 9197770
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Investors
can file a criminal case against a developer only if the reason for
developer's default is criminal in nature and there is evidence to
prove it, according to a lawyer.
"Investors can file a criminal
case against a developer on the basis that it has not started a project
and/or opened an escrow account, but only if the reason for developer's
default is criminal in nature, and there is evidence to prove it on its
face," Ludmila Yamalova, Legal Consultant/Partner, Al Sayyah Advocates
& Legal Consultants, told Emirates Business.
Raza
Mithani, Senior Associate, Al Tamimi and Company, Advocates & Legal
Consultants, said: In Dubai, a criminal case may be filed where there
is evidence of fraud. Failure to open an escrow account may, depending
on the circumstances, constitute evidence of fraud."
Tatjana
Fuhr, Legal Consultant at Fichte & Co Legal Consultancy and KK
Sarachandra Bose, Partner and Corporate, Commercial and Contract
Lawyer, Dar Al Adalah Advocates & Legal Consultants, agreed that a
buyer can file a case against a developer who has not started the
project and collected funds without opening an escrow account.
However,
Ashraf Sayed, Associate, Real Estate, Hadef & Partners, said this
depends on the location of the development and the actions of the
developer. "In general, unless executives of the developer have
committed clear criminal acts, it is unlikely that a criminal case
would be taken up by the police/public prosecutor," he added.
Can investors file a criminal case against a developer who has not started a project or opened an escrow account?
Mithani:
In Dubai a criminal case may be filed where there is evidence of fraud.
Failure to open an escrow account may, depending on the circumstances,
constitute evidence of fraud. Failure to commence construction in
itself is a civil matter, unless there is some evidence of fraud.
However, Article 17 of Law No8 of 2007 provides that if construction
has not commenced within six months of the date that approval was given
to sell off plan without an acceptable excuse, a developer shall be
cancelled from the register. That, of course, would be a regulatory
rather than a criminal matter.
Bose: The buyer
can file a case against a developer who has not started the project and
collected funds without opening an escrow account.
Yamalova:
Investors can file a criminal case against a developer on the basis
that it has not started a project and/or opened an escrow account, but
only if the reason for the developer's default is criminal in nature
and there is evidence to prove it.
Misrepresentation and
cheating are some examples of criminal acts under the UAE civil code.
Similarly, under Dubai Law 8 (escrow law), criminal sanctions will be
imposed where a developer either: 1)"knowingly offers to sell units in
bogus property development" or 2) "embezzles, uses or squanders
payments delivered to him for the purposes of construction of property
developments, and misappropriates such sums."
For a case to be
considered criminal there has to be undisputed or clear evidence to
that effect, sufficient to convince the public prosecutor. Thus, for
example, if there is a written statement from a developer himself
admitting that he had never had any right to the property, but yet
represented to the public otherwise, such written evidence may be
sufficient.
More often than not such evidence does not exist, at
least at the outset. Instead, further investigations must be conducted.
This arises in cases where a contract is at issue, therefore,
necessitating contract interpretation. In such cases, a public
prosecutor will transfer the case to the Civil Court. At that point,
the Civil Court will lodge an investigation, often by hiring an expert,
to determine the nature of the claim. If at any point in the process,
the court finds a developer's conduct was of a criminal nature, it will
transfer the case back to the prosecutor.
Today, many investors
try to file criminal cases first, mainly to use as leverage.
Increasingly, however, the public prosecutor transfers such cases to
the Civil Court. At that point, investors have to start from ground
zero again.
Fuhr: Yes, investors might be able
to file a criminal case against the developer for fraud and
embezzlement. Furthermore, for Dubai, the escrow account law (Art 16
Law No8, 2007) provides a catalogue of elements of offences that
justify a fine of no less than Dh100,000 or penalties of incarceration
to anyone who, for example, embezzles, uses and squanders payment
delivered to him for the purposes of construction of property
developments and misappropriates such payments. Another offence
according to the escrow account law is to carry on property development
business without a licence.
Sayed: This depends
on the location of the development and the actions of the developer. In
general, unless executives of the developer have committed clear
criminal acts, it is unlikely that a criminal case would be taken up by
the police/public prosecutor. It should be noted that not all emirates
have escrow laws and certain emirates have its own process for dealing
with developers that are alleged to have delayed a project or failed to
establish an escrow account. For example, in Dubai, Law No8 of 2007
concerning escrow accounts of real estate developments in the emirate
of Dubai (escrow law) deals with escrow accounts for real estate
projects located in Dubai. Article 7 of the Escrow Law requires an
escrow account to be established for each project; however, in practice
there are exceptions. Two other emirates in the UAE have laws similar
to the escrow law, Umm Al Quwain Law No3 of 2007 in respect of security
accounts of real estate (security account law) and Ajman Emiri Decree
No12 of 2008 amending Emiri Decree No8 of 2008 (Decree No12). Together
the escrow law, the security account law and Decree No12 (the escrow
account laws) contain similar principles and themes.
In the case
of the escrow account laws, penalties are set out that allow the
respective competent authorities in the relevant emirates to levy fines
and/or seek an order for terms of imprisonment against those who breach
these laws. If there has been a violation by any party of the escrow
account laws then without prejudice to any punishments stipulated by
other legislation [for example the civil code or the penal code], fines
and/or imprisonment may be imposed. Such breaches cover a wide range of
issues, including embezzlement or use without justification of funds
collected for the construction of real estate projects.
So far
as we are aware no other emirates in the UAE currently operate laws
similar to the escrow account laws, although we understand that Abu
Dhabi is close to issuing one. Accordingly, in other emirates, the use
to which the developer can put funds paid in respect of off-plan
properties will be governed by the particulars of the agreements
between the parties and general principles of law. If the agreement has
no restriction on the use to which the developer can put funds paid as
a deposit, then the developer may argue it is able to use those funds
for any corporate purposes and the purchaser's remedies lie in general
breach of contract if as a result of that action the development
project is not delivered within the time frames specified in the
agreement.
It is also worth noting that in addition, Article 404
of Federal law No3 of 1987 (Penal Code) generally makes it a criminal
offence for a party who has been given funds on trust for a certain
purpose to use those funds for another purpose, which could be a breach
of trust or fraud and there are a range of criminal penalties for
breaching the Penal Code. The ability to sustain a claim under the
Penal Code, however, will be dependent on whether it was clear from the
agreement that the specific funds paid by the purchasers were to be
used solely for the development or whether they would constitute the
general funds of the developer and subsequently the developer could
substitute or replace those funds. Please note that delays concerning
real estate projects are usually a breach of contract issue.
Is it advisable for people/investors to group together and file cases against a developer? Does such a move help them?
Mithani:
While it is possible for investors to group together and file a
complaint with the regulatory agency, it is not possible to bring class
action in the UAE Courts. This contrasts to jurisdictions such as the
US where class actions are a common feature of the legal landscape.
Bose:
Such a grouping may help the regulatory agency to handle disputes
collectively rather than addressing it one by one. Investors may
benefit as they can appoint a law firm to represent them before the
authority and in the courts if needed.
Yamalova: Investors
acting in concert against the same developer are very effective. There
are limitations, however, as to in what capacity they can group
together.
For example, for the purposes of bringing a legal
action in a UAE court, such collective actions are not allowed. In
other words, class action suits are not within the purview of the UAE
legal system, as far as courts are concerned. Therefore, investors have
to file individual lawsuits.
However, tremendous economies of
scale can be achieved in the due diligence necessary and/or helpful to
litigate a case. For example, investors can collectively hire one law
firm and/or experts to gather the factual evidence to be used in the
case and share the expense accordingly. Similarly, they can collect and
share research and knowledge among themselves. Also, not to be
underestimated is the leverage groups of investors gain on the
developer, Rera/Land Department, courts and the like. Their collective
voice is much louder and, therefore, harder to ignore. Also the safety
in numbers principle encourages greater number of people to come
together. Finally, investor groups take teeth out of developers'
attempt to set individual investor apart from all of the other
investors as being the only one in default.
Another benefit of
investors coming together is that certain judicial forums allow
consolidation of claimants and claims. For example, Dubai International
Arbitration Centre (DIAC) and Dubai International Financial Centre
(DIFC) allow for class action suits. Therefore, those investors whose
contracts provide for either arbitration or DIFC court will have an
additional benefit in joining forces.
Fuhr: Investors
can group up and file a complaint with the regulatory authority asking
to cancel the project. The more the majority of investors in a project
signing the complaint, the more likely their complaint will be heard.
Unfortunately if the investors decide to approach a court they will
have to file each case [meaning each single sales and purchase
agreement] separately, which means court fees and lawyer fees for each
case.
Sayed: The general legal consensus is
that the current UAE legal framework does not support class actions in
the sense prevalent in, for instance, the US legal system, except in
certain types of labour matter. As a result, to the extent investors
are in touch and have disputes involving the same developer, they might
approach real estate regulators on a collective basis to relay common
concerns. In Dubai, one should approach Rera, and in Ajman, Arra.
Groups often form by use of website forums or blogs, or by reference to
a large law firm which acts against developers. Pressure in numbers and
concern about adverse publicity would often make the real estate
regulator look more closely at investors concerns. Although we have
seen some levels of activity by real estate regulators where there are
issues of developer compliance with regulations, directives and
policies, if the matter of concern is a contractual dispute, this is
usually referred to the courts or arbitration bodies in accordance with
UAE laws and applicable contracts.
Should a dispute reach the
courts, an investor owning numerous units in the same project, may file
one case against the developer. However, the Dubai Courts usually
require an individual investor with more than one unit in the same real
estate project, to pay separate court fees for each unit particularly
where the investor holds separate sale and purchase agreements for each
of the units. Consolidation of cases where arbitration clauses apply is
similarly complicated. In the case of court action, separate investors
can only come together and file one case against the developer if all
the investors are party to one single sale and purchase agreement, a
situation that is uncommon.
How much cost benefit does such a move offer?
Mithani:
If the law as amended to allow parties to bring class actions, it would
offer significant benefits not only to individual litigants but also to
the administration of justice. First, it offers the advantage,
particularly in a legal system where there is no system of binding
legal precedent, that consistent decisions will be reached in cases
against a particular developer involving the same issues, such as delay
in construction. Second, it offers costs savings to both claimants and
defendants. This has particular relevance in a situation where there
may be an inequality of resources between the parties, as there may be
between a large developer and a number of small investors. If the
investors have the option of pooling their claims, there is a greater
chance of them being on a level playing field.
On the law as it
stands there is nothing to prevent a group of investors from
instructing a single lawyer, which may result in some costs savings and
may provide them with greater leverage but each case will be dealt with
separately by the courts. The costs savings will be less than if the
law permitted class actions.
Bose: Such a move
is cost-effective for the following reasons: they can be represented by
one person, preferably a lawyer specialised in property laws, rather
than spending money and time individually; they can appoint one lawyer
so that a reduced fee may be possible.
Yamalova: Collective
efforts by investors provide enormous cost benefit. First, as far as
legal and expert fees are concerned, they can share the expense.
Second, any costs incurred in gathering due diligence to litigate a
case can be also split across the board. Even bigger cost benefit could
be achieved if, because of their collective force, investors work out a
settlement with the developer without going to court.
Fuhr: There are no cost benefits since filing a complaint with regulatory agency is free of charge.
Sayed: As
discussed above, group court actions are not currently supported by the
UAE legal system. However, legal costs can be reduced by investors in
common projects appointing the same law firm and joint approaches being
made to the developer and the real estate regulators. It should be
noted that the real estate regulators in Ajman and Dubai have the
capacity to approve and cancel real estate projects in their respective
emirate. For instance, Article 5 of Dubai Law No9 of 2009 provides that
"the agency [Rera] may, following a grounded report, cancel a real
estate project, in which case the developer must return to the
purchasers all the amounts pad by them in accordance with Law No8 of
2007 [the escrow law]". Accordingly, it would seem that pressure from
investor groups would encourage real estate regulators to investigate
disputed projects especially where insubstantial progress has been made
over an extended period of time. Notwithstanding this power, there has
not yet been any officially published decision of the cancellation of a
project in such circumstances by real estate regulators based on
investor pressure. It is likely, however, that a number of projects
must be candidates for such action.
Investor groups should also
consider jointly approaching UAE law firms to receive generic legal
advice regarding a particular real estate project. Although court fees
would be payable per case file, investors could seek to reduce legal
fees by filing similar statements of claim in front of the court and
thus achieving economies of scale. It should be noted cases can differ
from one individual case to another even in the same project, for
instance due to different contracts, facts and investment timing.