Knox, an American, was 20 years old when her roommate was killed and she and her ex-boyfriend were immediately the prime suspects in the case, a status that earned her a 53-hour interrogation session in the days immediately following the death that she has said included physical abuse by police officers without a lawyer or interpreter present.
After that interrogation, she signed an Italian language confession implicating herself and accusing Lumumba, the owner of a bar she worked at part time, of killing Kercher, the New York Times reported.
Last November, the defamation conviction was thrown out based on the human rights court's ruling, but Italy on Wednesday opened a new trial against her that will decide if she can be held responsible for slandering Lumumba, who spent two weeks in jail, lost his businesses and moved his family out of Italy following the accusation, the Guardian reported.
CIA Director Porter Goss maintained this week that the CIA does not employ methods of torture. In doing so, he opened a new debate over exactly what constitutes torture -- especially when it comes to the harshest of the CIA's six secret interrogation techniques, known as \"water boarding.\"
Current and former CIA officers tell ABC News that they were trained to handcuff the prisoner and cover his face with cellophane to enhance the distress. According to Sen. John McCain, R-Ariz., himself a torture victim during the Vietnam War, the water board technique is a \"very exquisite torture\" that should be outlawed.
\"Torture is defined under the federal criminal code as the intentional infliction of severe mental pain or suffering,\" said John Sifton, an attorney and researcher with the organization Human Rights Watch. \"That would include water boarding.\"
Water boarding was designated as illegal by U.S. generals in Vietnam 40 years ago. A photograph that appeared in The Washington Post of a U.S. soldier involved in water boarding a North Vietnamese prisoner in 1968 led to that soldier's severe punishment.
\"The soldier who participated in water torture in January 1968 was court-martialed within one month after the photos appeared in The Washington Post, and he was drummed out of the Army,\" recounted Darius Rejali, a political science professor at Reed College.
Earlier in 1901, the United States had taken a similar stand against water boarding during the Spanish-American War when an Army major was sentenced to 10 years of hard labor for water boarding an insurgent in the Philippines.
\"We do debriefings because debriefings are the nature of our business -- to get information, and we do all that, and we do it in a way that does not involve torture because torture is counterproductive,\" Goss said.
The CIA maintains its interrogation techniques are in legal guidance with the Justice Department. And current and former CIA officers tell ABC News there is a presidential finding, signed in 2002, by President Bush, Condoleezza Rice and then-Attorney General John Ashcroft approving the techniques, including water boarding.
The image raised questions over the conduct of his interrogation at the hands of police, but Italian prosecutor Michele Prestipino told a news conference Tuesday that Hjorth was not blindfolded while he was being questioned.
An image of the seven-inch knife police believe was used to kill Rega was shown to reporters. The weapon was found stashed in a ceiling panel in the hotel room both suspects were staying in, police said.
The incident unfolded Friday after the two US citizens approached a man about buying drugs, according to police. After being sold crushed aspirin instead of cocaine, officers allege that the Americans stole a backpack from the man.
Both Americans are accused of assaulting the policemen, who reportedly identified themselves as law enforcement officers during the meeting early on Friday morning. Elder is further accused of stabbing Rega 11 times before fleeing the scene, Gargaro told CNN Monday.
There are some places that technology is yet to penetrate. Italian courtrooms are one of those places. The most common way to document proceedings is using a stenotype machine. However, law enforcement agents still have to take notes by hand during interrogations. For the Prosecutors the situation is a little bit better. Once they have arrested someone they have to use an audio or audio-video recording. If they are just questioning someone they can choose between video or audio recording.
Fortunately, in the Courts, judges can choose the best method of documentation. And they tend to choose audio recordings at public hearings, whereas in chamber hearings recordings are not always carried out. Public prosecutors also frequently make audio recordings of interrogations, usually using portable equipment, rather than taking full minutes.
In 1984, in Britain, the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (applied in 1986) made it obligatory to audio-record all police interrogations. These recordings are now a very important source of evidence in the British system. The police originally contested this move because they believed that the interrogations would no longer be useful, that the agent would be limited and that the registration would be another important burden in addition to their work. In reality, after an initial period of adjustment, the police started to notice the advantages of making recordings.
Making recording compulsory bought up the fact that agents need better training in interrogation techniques. Secondly, it unburdened police personnel from the task of taking notes (which were prone to errors and omissions) this allowed them to focus exclusively on interrogating suspects, with full transcripts available afterwards. Moreover, recording interrogations protects both suspects and investigators: it protects suspects against mistreatment, and protects officers against accusations of abuse.
However, for interrogations outside the courtroom, interrogators are obliged to record suspects "by audio recording or audio-visual recording". Given the alternative of the obligation, the use of the audio recordings is already fully respected. On the other hand, given the particular vulnerability of persons deprived of their personal liberty, it would be appropriate to establish an obligation for video recording, which would better guarantee the person questioned. In the case of suspects not subject to custodial measures, it would be appropriate to provide that the interrogations made to by the Public Prosecutor's Office or by the Judicial Police were audio-recorded. To act against abuses and for a better documentation of the interrogation, and finally to allow an ex-post evaluation of the reliability of the statements made.
A final proposal that would strengthen the guarantees of those arrested would be to install cameras in police stations and in the holding cells at courts. This would help protect detainees against abuse, and law enforcement against false claims of mistreatment. It would mean that everything that happened in a police station would be on record. The importance of video recording is obvious if you think of how its presence would have shed light what happened in the tragic story of Stefano Cucchi.
As a watchdog organisation, Liberties reminds politicians that respect for human rights is non-negotiable. We're determined to keep championing your civil liberties, will you stand with us? Every donation, big or small, counts.
As a watchdog organisation, Liberties reminds politicians that respect for human rights is non-negotiable. We're determined to keep championing your civil liberties, will you stand with us? Every donation, big or small, counts.
Accidental Death of an Anarchist (Italian: Morte accidentale di un anarchico) is a play by Italian playwright Dario Fo that premiered in 1970. It has been performed across the world in more than forty countries. The play is based on the 1969 Piazza Fontana bombing and on the death of Giuseppe Pinelli while being interrogated by the police.[1]
The play opens with Inspector Francesco Bertozzo interrogating a clever, quick-witted and mischievous fraudster, simply known as the Maniac, in Bertozzo's office on the third floor of the police headquarters in Milan. The Maniac constantly outsmarts the dim-witted Bertozzo and, when Bertozzo leaves the room, intercepts a phone call from Inspector Pissani. Pissani reveals to the Maniac that a judge is due at the police station to investigate the interrogation of an "accidental" death of the anarchist, whilst the Maniac pretends to be a colleague of Bertozzo's and tells Pissani that Bertozzo is "blowing a raspberry" at him. The Maniac decides to impersonate the judge, Marco Malipiero, an opportunity he has been waiting a while for, and to humiliate the policemen responsible for the "accidental" death of an Anarchist. After Bertozzo re-enters his office, the Maniac is forced out of the office, taking Bertozzo's coat and hat to use in his disguise. Bertozzo chases him, running into Pissani, who punches him in retaliation for "blowing a raspberry" at him.
The Maniac, now impersonating Malipiero, finds Pissani and his lackey, the Constable, in the room where the anarchist was during his interrogation. Telling them that he is Malipiero, the Maniac asks for the Superintendent, who was involved with the interrogation with Pissani and the Constable. The Maniac orders the three policemen to re-enact the events of the interrogation; in turn fabricating many of the events, such as changing beating the anarchist to making jokes with him, incorporating new lines into the transcript and even breaking out in song. When the investigation reaches the matter of the fall, the Constable reveals he grabbed the anarchist's shoe, in an attempt to stop him from falling. However, the Maniac notes that witnesses reported that the anarchist had both shoes on. When Pissani surmises that the anarchist was wearing a galosh, the Superintendent breaks into a rage, making Pissani accidentally reveal that the Superintendent pushed the anarchist out of the window. The two policemen then realise that the Maniac was listening. The phone in the office suddenly rings, which Pissani answers. He tells them that it is a journalist called Maria Feletti, whom the Superintendent agreed to meet to clear rumors about the interrogation, wanting to come up to the office.
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