Images are probably the most relevant thing affected by DOMPDF_DPI.
But really, you won't notice much of a difference in file size due to
this setting. The easiest way to think about this setting is that it
affects the calculation of the dimensions of elements on the page.
Images aren't modified in any way, they're just squeezed into a
smaller space with a higher DPI.
In 0.5.1 this setting only affected the calculation of image
dimensions. In 0.6.0 the setting will affect other calculations as
well (such as text size).
Let us know if you need any additional clarification.
-b