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Cristy Borovetz
"In his new book, the latest of his significant contributions to New Urbanism, Christopher Leinberger says American development comes in two basic patterns: 'drivable sub-urbanism' and 'walkable urbanism.' Leinberger's aim is to show how these two kinds of development function and to expalain why it's in everyone's interest to make sure that walkable urbansim becomes more commonplace."
New Urban News
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"The new American Dream presented in this quick and easy read is one similar to the American Dream of the past: a slower-paced and neighborhood-centric lifestyle."
Planetizen's Top 10 Books List, 2008
"In delightfully readable prose, Professor Leinberger overwhelms us with the advantages of development that is dense enough and mixed enough to make walking and transit worth it, while illuminating the unintended urban consequences of land use regulations, Wall Street finance, and the eleven o'clock news."
Douglas Kelbaugh, FAIA, dean and professor of architecture and urban planning, University of Michigan
"Chris Leinberger has spent many years thinking about real estate economics and how our culture is affected by our built environment. This book offers a cogent argument for changing that environment to achieve more lasting values, both economic and cultural."
Robert Davis, developer and founder of Seaside, Florida
"In this book, [Chris Leinberger] carefully explains the decisions that have made the 'drivable suburban' model the dominant one and highlights the obvious and unintended consequences that come from spending 35 percent of the nation's wealth building in this way, to the virtual exclusion of other approaches."
Civil Engineering
"Christopher Leinberger, a visiting fellow at the Brookings Institution who has called for D.C. to revisit its building-height limits, tracks the politics that led to auto-based development and shows how developers and their financial backers can build more sustainable communities. He doesn't mince words."
Washington Business Journal
"Leinberger isn't just a theoretician. He's a former new urbanist land developer. As he shows, if we're serious about reducing our car dependency, we need to go beyond making the personal decision to walk; we need to advocate for chagnes that will make walking a viable option for more Americans."
Realtor magazine
"In The Option of Urbanism, Leinberger deftly shares his wealth of knowledge through the musings of a writer, the patience of an academic, and the technical abilities of an active developer. The book is straightforward and manages to be an enjoyable reading experience for just about anyone interested in where the developing landscape goes from here."
Urban Land
Preface
Introduction
Chapter 1. Futurama and the Twentieth-Century American Dream
Chapter 2. The Rise of Drivable Suburbia
Chapter 3. The Standard Real Estate Product Types: Why Every Place Looks Like Every Place Else
Chapter 4. Consequences of Drivable Sub-urban Growth
Chapter 5. The Market Rediscovers Walkable Urbanism
Chapter 6. Defining Walkable Urbanism: Why More is Better
Chapter 7. Unintended Consequences of Walkable Urbanism
Chapter 8. Achieving the Next American Dream: Leveling the Playing Field and Implementing Walkable Urbanism
Briefly, the history of America goes like this: There was a frontier, and then there was no longer a frontier. It all happened rather quickly. There were Indians, then explorers, then settlers, then towns, then cities. Nobody was really paying attention until the moment the wilderness was officially tamed, at which point everybody suddenly wanted it back.
Within the general spasm of nostalgia that ensued (Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, Frederic Remington's cowboy paintings), there came a very specific cultural panic, a panic rooted in the question, What will become of our boys?
Problem was, while the classic European coming-of-age story generally featured a provincial boy who moved to the city and transformed into a refined gentleman, the American tradition had evolved into the utter opposite. The American boy came of age by leaving civilization and striking out toward the hills. There he shed his cosmopolitan manners and transformed into a robust man. Not a gentleman, mind you, but a man. Without the wilderness as proving ground, what would become of our boys?
For obvious reasons, this is a terror that has never entirely left us. A century later, some of us are still concerned about the state of American manhood, which is why some of us are so grateful when we get to meet Eustace Conway.
Eustace Conway moved into the woods for good when he was 17 years old. This was in 1978, which was around the same time Star Wars was released. He lived in a tepee, made fire by rubbing two sticks together, and bathed in icy streams. At this point in his biography, you might deduce that Eustace is a survivalist or a hippie or a hermit, but he's not any of these things. He's not storing guns for the imminent race war; he's not cultivating excellent weed; he's not hiding from us. Eustace Conway is in the woods because he belongs in the woods.
Eustace started off on a small parcel of land, but over the past twenty years he's accumulated 1,000 acres of pristine wilderness in the southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina. He calls his home Turtle Island, after the Native American legend of the turtle who carries the very earth on its back.
Eustace travels through life with perfect equanimity. He has never experienced an awkward moment. During his visit to New York City, I lost him one day in Tompkins Square Park. When I found him again, he was in pleasant conversation with the scariest posse of drug dealers you'd ever want to meet. They'd offered Eustace crack, which he'd politely declined, but he was chatting with them about other issues.
Eustace Conway has perfect eyesight, perfect hearing, perfect teeth, perfect balance and reflexes. He has a long, lean body. He talks real slow. He is modest but truthful, which means when I once asked Eustace, Is there anything you can't do?" he had to reply, "Well, I've never found anything to be particularly difficult."
By the time Eustace Conway was 6 years old, he could throw a knife accurately enough to nail a chipmunk to a tree. By the time he was 10, he could kill a running squirrel at fifty feet with a bow and arrow. When he turned 12, he went into the forest alone and empty-handed for a week, making his own shelter and living off the land.
This may sound like extreme behavior for a child, but it was only what was expected of Eustace. It's something of a family tradition, anchored in the philosophy of Eustace Conway's extraordinary grandfather. Eustace's grandfather was an upright World War I veteran, whom everyone called Chief. Chief was not about to stand back and let America's youth grow up effete, pampered and decadent. No, sir. Not on his watch. Immediately upon returning home from the war, Chief founded the North Carolina branch of the Boy Scouts of America. This was a good start but not good enough. Chief did not believe that the Boy Scouts program went as far as it could in developing sturdy, capable citizens. And so, in 1924, he established an extremely rigorous summer camp in the mountains near Asheville. He called his project "Camp Sequoyah for Boys: Where the Weak Become Strong and the Strong Become Great." He asked of his campers only this simple request: that they ceaselessly strive to achieve physical, intellectual and moral perfection.
Eustace's mother was Chief's only daughter. Raised in the woods of Camp Sequoyah, she was rugged as all hell. When she was only 23 years old, she sold her silver flute for passage to Alaska, where she lived in a tent by a river with her gun and her dog. She didn't marry until she was 30, and then it was to a Camp Sequoyah counselor. As soon as her children were old enough to walk, she let them loose in the woods, thoroughly unsupervised.
The other matrons in the neighborhood were certainly horrified by Mrs. Conway's child-rearing techniques. Hysterical, they'd call her up on the phone and shriek, "You can't let your babies play in those woods! There are poisonous snakes out there!"
Eustace has always done just fine out there. When he was 18 years old, he traveled down the Mississippi River in a handmade cedar canoe. When he was 19, he walked the 2,000 miles of the Appalachian Trail, surviving on only what he could hunt or gather along the way. Over the next few years, he hiked the Alps (in sneakers), kayaked across Alaska, scaled cliffs in New Zealand and lived with Navajo in Mexico.
When Eustace was in his mid-twenties, he decided that he wanted to study a primitive culture more closely, so he flew to Guatemala. He got off the plane and pretty much started asking, "Where are the primitive people at?" He was pointed toward the jungle, where he hiked until he found a remote village of Mayan Indians. He lived with the Indians for months. They liked him a lot.
But his coolest adventure was his most recent. In 1995, Eustace and his brother Judson rode their horses across America. They didn't know if it was possible or even legal to do this. They didn't have any corporate sponsors or fancy gear. They just ate a big Christmas dinner with their family and then strapped on their guns, mounted their horses, and headed out. Eustace reckoned they could make it to the Pacific by Easter, although everyone he told this to laughed in his face.
Their horses were in perfect shape, and they trotted almost fifty miles a day. Eustace and Judson ate roadkill deer and squirrel soup. They slept in barns and in the homes of awestruck citizens, but when they reached the dry, open West, they just fell off their horses every night and slept on the ground where they fell. They were very nearly killed by swerving eighteen-wheeler trucks when their horses went wild on a busy interstate bridge. They were very nearly arrested in Mississippi for not wearing shirts.
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