Zonam Apk

[Magdalena Liendo]

Strucnejsou petrograficky charakterizovany stare vulkanity sz. casti Zeleznych hor. Jejich chemismus, podany v 47 analzch, je diskutovan v 8 grafech. Napadn rozdily trendů jednotlivych skupin jsou vysvetleny tektonomagmatickymi vztahy. Amfibolity podhoranskeho krystalinika , vulkanity poloziskoveho oddlu proterozoika, křemenne albitofyry eokambrick a kysale vulkanity Iukavick serie maji trend alkalicko-vapenatych pacifickch orogennich magmat a naznacuji navaznost k obdobim, pripadne zonam zdvihovych pohybu. Spility předložiskoveho oddilu proterozoika a eokambrlcke spilitick porfyrity s trendy oceanskych, resp.ostrovnich bazickych magmat odp ovidaji obdobim (nebo zonm) dilatace a poklesovych pohybu. Celkovy charakter starych vulkanitu oblasti ukazuje na tektonicky neklid dlouheho obdobi. Vulkanity jv, casti pohoř (vitanovsk serie a vseradovskho komplexu), jejchž 9 analz (J. Vachtl) je do grafů zaneseno, maj projekce oddělen od eokambrickch vulkanitů sz. čsti pohoř a patř nejspše kambriu.

In making a proper selection of punishments, much skill is required:comparatively much less is requisite in the proper selection ofrewards. Not only are the species of rewards more limited in numberthan those of punishments, but the grounds of preference are moreeasily discoverable, and there are not, as in the case of punishments,any passions which tend to mislead the judgment.

A reward is best adapted to fulfil the purpose for which it may bedesigned, when it is---Variable, susceptible of increase or diminution in respectof amount, that it may be proportioned to the different degrees of ofservice.Equable, that equal portions may at all times operate withequal force upon all individuals.Commensurable, with respect to other species of rewardsattached to other services.Exemplary: its apparent ought not to differ from its realvalue. This quality is wanting, when a large expense is incurred forthe purpose of reward, without its becoming matter of notoriety. Theobject aimed at ought to be to strike the attention, and produce adurable impression.Economical. More ought not to be paid for a service thanit is worth. This is the rule in every market.Characteristic: as far as possible analogous to theservice. It becomes by this means the more exemplary.Popular. It ought not to oppose established prejudices. Invain did the Roman emperors bestow honours upon the most odiousinformers; they degraded the honours, but the informers were not theless infamous. But it is not enough that it does not oppose theprejudices: it is desirable that every reward should obtain theapprobation of the public.Fructifying: calculated to excite the perseverance of theindividual in the career of service, and to supply him with newresources.

In the selection from among the variety of rewards, of that particularone which most certainly will produce any desired affect, attentionmust not only be paid to the nature of the service, but also to the particular disposition and character ofthe individual upon whom it is to operate. In this respect, publicregulations can never attain the perfection of which domesticdiscipline is susceptible. No sovereign can ever in the same degree beacquainted with the dispositions of his subjects, as a father may bewith those of his children. This disadvantage is however compensatedby the larger number of competitors. In a kingdom, every diversity oftemperament, and every degree of aptitude, may be found unitedtogether; and provided the reward be proportionate to the service, itwill be of little importance what may be its nature: like the magnet,which out of heterogeneous mass attracts and separates the most hiddenparticles of iron, it will detect the individual susceptible of itsattraction. Besides, the nature of pecuniary reward, which is adaptedto the greater proportion of services, is such that every individualmay convert it into the species of pleasure which be most prefers.

To form a judgment of the merits and demerits of pecuniary reward, aglance at the list of desirable qualities will suffice. It will atonce be seen which of them it possesses, and of which of them it isdeficient: it is variable, equable, andcommensurable. It ought to be added, that it is frequentlyindispensably necessary: there are many cases in which every otherreward, separated from this, would not only be a burthen, but even amockery, especially if the performance of the service have beenattended with an expense or loss greater than the individual caneasily support.

On the other hand, pecuniary reward is not exempt fromdisadvantages. Speaking generally (for there are many exceptions,) itis neither exemplary, nor characteristic, nor evenpopular.[2] When allowed toexceed a certain amount, it tends to diminish the activity of thereceiver: instead of adding to his inclination to persevere in hisservices, it may furnish him with a temptation to discontinuethem. The enriched man will be apt to think like the soldier ofLucullus, who became timid so soon as he possessed property topreserve.Ibit e, quo vis, qui zonam perdidit, inquit.Hor. Epist. II. lib. 2.

There are also cases in which money, instead of an attractive, mayhave a repulsive effect,---instead of operating as a reward, may beconsidered as an insult, at least by persons who possess any delicacyin their sentiments of honour. A certain degree of skill is thereforerequired in the application of money as a reward: it is oftentimesdesirable that the pecuniary should appear only as an accessary to thehonorary, which should be made to constitute the principal part of thereward.[3]

Every pecuniary reward may be, as it were, annihilated by its relativesmallness. A man of independent fortune, and of a certain rank insociety, would be considered as degraded by accepting a sum that wouldnot degrade a mechanic. There is no rule for determining; what ispermitted or prohibited in this respect: custom has established theprejudice. But the difficulty it presents is not insurmountable. Bycombining together money and honour, a compound is formed,which isuniversally pleasing: medals, for example, possess this doubleadvantage. By a little art and precaution, a solid peace isestablished between pride and cupidity; and thus united, they haveboth been ranged under the banners of merit. Pride proclaimsaloud---``It is not the intrinsic value of the metal which possessesattractions for me; it is the circle of glory alone with which it issurrounded.'' Cupidity makes its calculation in silence, andaccurately estimates the value of the material of the prize.

By the Society of Arts a still higher degree of perfection has beenattained. A choice is commonly allowed between a sum of money and amedal. Thus all conditions and tastes are satisfied: the mechanic orpeasant pockets the money; the peer or gentleman ornaments his cabinetwith a medal.

The apparent value of medals is in some cases augmented, by renderingthe design,upon them characteristic of the service on account ofwhich they are bestowed. By the addition of the name of theindividual rewarded, an exclusive certificate is made in his favour.The ingenuity displayed in the choice of the design has sometimes beenextremely happy.

A British statute gives to the person who apprehends and convicts ahighwayman, amongst other rewards, the horse on which the offender wasmounted when he committed the offence. Possibly the framer of this lawmay have taken the hint from the passage in Virgil, in which the sonof neas promises to Nisus, in case of the success of theexpedition he was meditating, the veryhorse and accoutrements which Turnus had been seen to use.

It is equally possible, that the same knowledge of human nature, whichsuggested to the Latin poet the efficacy of such a reward, suggestedit at once to the English lawyer. Be this as it may, this provision iscommendable on three several accounts. In the assignment of the prize,it pitches upon an object, which, from the nature of the transaction,is likely to make a particular impression on the mind of the personwhose assistance is required; acting in this respect in conformity tothe rule above laid down, which recommends an attention to thecircumstances influencing the sensibility of the person on whomimpression is to be made. It also has the advantage of beingcharacteristic, as well as exemplary. The animal, when thustransferred, becomes a voucher for the activity and prowess of itsowner, as well as a trophy of his victory.

An arrangement like this, simple as it is, or rather because it is sosimple, was an extraordinary stretch in British policy; in which,though there is generally a great mixture of good sense, there reignsthroughout a kind of littleness and mauvaise honte, whichavoids, with timid caution, everything that is bold, striking, andeccentric, scarcely ever hazarding any of those strong and masterlytouches which strike the imagination, and fill the mind with the ideaof the sublime.

Examples of rewards of this nature abound in the Roman system ofremuneration. For every species of merit, appropriate symbolic crownswere provided. This branch of their administration preserved theancient simplicity of Rome in its cradle; and the wreath of parsleylong eclipsed the splendour of the crowns of gold. I was about tospeak of their triumphs, but here I am compelled to stop: humanityshudders at that pride of conquest which treads under its feet thevanquished nations. The system of legislation ought no doubt to beadapted to the encouragement of military ardour, but it ought notto fan it into such a flame as to make it the predominant passion ofthe people, and to prostrate everything before it.

Honorary rewards are eminently exemplary: they are standing monumentsof the service for which they have been bestowed; they also possessthe desirable property of operating as a perpetual encouragement tofresh exertions. To disgrace an honorary reward, is to be a traitor toone's self; he that has once been pronounced brave, should perpetuallymerit that commendation.

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